Among-Population Variation in Tolerance to Larval Herbivory by Anthocharis cardamines in the Polyploid Herb Cardamine pratensis

König, Malin A. E.; Lehtilä, Kari; Wiklund, Christer; Ehrlén, Johan

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099333

Cited by 13 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…Resistance was calculated by standardizing the time it took for a plant to receive an egg in a contextually controlled cage experiment by subtracting the mean oviposition time and dividing it by the standard deviation of the trial (for details see König et al. ). Negative values of resistance represent low resistance against oviposition and positive values represent high resistance.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Timing of flowering and intensity of attack by a butterfly herbivore in a polyploid herb

König

Wiklund

Ehrlén

2015

Ecology and Evolution

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Timing of plant development both determines the abiotic conditions that the plant experiences and strongly influences the intensity of interactions with other organisms. Plants and herbivores differ in their response to environmental cues, and spatial and temporal variation in environmental conditions might influence the synchrony between host plants and herbivores, and the intensity of their interactions. We investigated whether differences in first day of flowering among and within 21 populations of the polyploid herb Cardamine pratensis influenced the frequency of oviposition by the butterfly Anthocharis cardamines during four study years. The proportion of plants that became oviposited upon differed among populations, but these differences were not related to mean flowering phenology within the population in any of the four study years. Attack rates in the field were also not correlated with resistance to oviposition estimated under controlled conditions. Within populations, the frequency of butterfly attack was higher in early-flowering individuals in two of the four study years, while there was no significant relationship in the other 2 years. Larger plants were more likely to become oviposited upon in all 4 years. The effects of first flowering day and size on the frequency of butterfly attack did not differ among populations. The results suggest that differences in attack intensities among populations are driven mainly by differences in the environmental context of populations while mean differences in plant traits play a minor role. The fact that within populations timing of flowering influenced the frequency of herbivore attack only in some years and suggests that herbivore-mediated selection on plant phenology differs among years, possibly because plants and herbivores respond differently to environmental cues.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; König et al. ). The ability to avoid oviposition by A. cardamines should thus be an important component of overall resistance to herbivory in C. pratensis in this region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Timing of flowering and intensity of attack by a butterfly herbivore in a polyploid herb

König

Wiklund

Ehrlén

2015

Ecology and Evolution

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“…One factor that might have contributed to the observed differences among species in latitudinal patterns of phenology is differences in the intensity of herbivory. For our study species, larval feeding of the butterfly A. cardamines can severely influence plant fitness (Wiklund and Friberg , König et al ) and the risk of butterfly attack has been shown to be related to flowering phenology and to differ among the study species and among regions (Wiklund and Åhrberg , Navarro‐Cano et al ). However, it is also true that many other factors varying at smaller spatial scales may have influenced the observed differences among regions and that further studies are necessary to identify the important selective agents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Both the abundance of the crucifer host species and attack rates on individual species have been shown to vary among study species (Wiklund and Åhrberg ), regions (Navarro‐Cano et al ) and years (Wiklund and Friberg ). Larvae consume the reproductive parts of the plant and sometimes also vegetative parts, resulting in markedly reduced plant fitness (Wiklund and Friberg , König et al ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in plant thermal reaction norms along a latitudinal gradient – more than adaptation to season length

Toftegaard

Posledovich

Navarro‐Cano

et al. 2015

Oikos

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Little is known about the extent to which observed phenological responses to changes in climate are the result of phenotypic plasticity or genetic changes. We also know little about how plasticity, in terms of thermal reaction norms, vary spatially. We investigated if the thermal reaction norms for flower development of five crucifer species (Brassicaceae) differed among three regions along a south-north latitudinal gradient in replicated experiments. The mean response (elevation) of thermal reaction norms of flowering differed among regions in all study species, while sensitivity of flower development to temperature (slope) differed in only one of the species. Differences in mean responses corresponded to cogradient patterns in some species, but countergradient patterns in other. This suggests that differences among regions were not solely the result of adaptation to differences in the length of the growing season, but that other factors, such as herbivory, play an important role. Differences in development rate within species were mainly explained by variation in early phases of bud formation in some species but by variation in later phases of bud formation in other species. The differences in latitudinal patterns of thermal reaction norms among species observed in this study are important, both to identify agents of selection and to predict short-and long-term responses to a warming climate.

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“…Hosting a larva also leads to fitness losses the following flowering season; both tetraploids and octoploids produce fewer flowers and are less likely to flower the year after butterfly attack (König et al. ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Butterfly oviposition preference is not related to larval performance on a polyploid herb

König

Wiklund

Ehrlén

2016

Ecology and Evolution

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The preference–performance hypothesis predicts that female insects maximize their fitness by utilizing host plants which are associated with high larval performance. Still, studies with several insect species have failed to find a positive correlation between oviposition preference and larval performance. In the present study, we experimentally investigated the relationship between oviposition preferences and larval performance in the butterfly Anthocharis cardamines. Preferences were assessed using both cage experiments and field data on the proportion of host plant individuals utilized in natural populations. Larval performance was experimentally investigated using larvae descending from 419 oviposition events by 21 females on plants from 51 populations of two ploidy types of the perennial herb Cardamine pratensis. Neither ploidy type nor population identity influenced egg survival or larval development, but increased plant inflorescence size resulted in a larger final larval size. There was no correlation between female oviposition preference and egg survival or larval development under controlled conditions. Moreover, variation in larval performance among populations under controlled conditions was not correlated with the proportion of host plants utilized in the field. Lastly, first instar larvae added to plants rejected for oviposition by butterfly females during the preference experiment performed equally well as larvae growing on plants chosen for oviposition. The lack of a correlation between larval performance and oviposition preference for A. cardamines under both experimental and natural settings suggests that female host choice does not maximize the fitness of the individual offspring.

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Among-Population Variation in Tolerance to Larval Herbivory by Anthocharis cardamines in the Polyploid Herb Cardamine pratensis

Cited by 13 publications

References 47 publications

Timing of flowering and intensity of attack by a butterfly herbivore in a polyploid herb

Timing of flowering and intensity of attack by a butterfly herbivore in a polyploid herb

Variation in plant thermal reaction norms along a latitudinal gradient – more than adaptation to season length

Butterfly oviposition preference is not related to larval performance on a polyploid herb

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