Amoeba/Amoebal Symbiont Genetic Transfers: Lessons from Giant Virus Neighbours

Abstract

ganisms. Thus, a large part of this review is dedicated to report current known gene exchanges between the different amoebae-resisting organisms and between amoebae and the internalized bacteria.

Relationships between Free-Living Amoeba and their Intracellular Bacteria

“…(Saeed et al, 2009; Acinetobacter baumannii, Bosea sp., Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis, Kocuria kristinae, Roseomonas gilardii Reservoir (Baron et al, 1980;Hackstadt and Williams, 1983;Snelling et al, 2006;Thomas et al, 2010;Saeed et al, 2012;Cateau et al, 2014) Yersinia enterocolitica Increased disinfection resistance when internalized (Snelling et al, 2006) A. culbertsoni Acinetobacter baumannii, Mobiluncus curtisii Reservoir (Thomas et al, 2010;Cateau et al, 2014) A. polyphaga Mycobacterium abscessus, M. avium subsp. avium, M. aurum, M. bohemicum, M. chelonae, M. fortuitum, M. gastri, M. goodii, M. gordonae, M. immunogenum, M. intracellulare, M. kansasii, M. lentiflavum, M. mageritense, M. malmoense, M. marinum, M. massiliense, M. mucogenicum, M. peregrinum, M. porcinum, M. septicum, M. simiae, M. smegmatis, M. szulgai, M. terrae, M. tusciae, Shigella dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. sonnei Reservoir (transmission reservoir) (Adekambi et al, 2006;Saeed et al, 2009; (Snelling et al, 2006;Thomas et al, 2010) A. rhysodes Salmonella spp. Mediator (Vaerewijck et al, 2014) Salmonella enterica Reservoir (Tezcan-Merdol et al, 2004) Acanthamoeba spp.…”

“…There are numerous studies (e.g. Barker and Brown, 1994;Vaerewijck et al, 2008;Thomas and Greub, 2010) that one such way is FLA acting as vehicles and fill with living bacteria, in a process called "Trojan horses". Another way is that bacteria are able to resist FLA digestion and live in trophozoites or cysts Cateau et al, 2014).…”

“…There are several known interaction mechanisms, such as actin rearrangement, amoeba cell surface adhesion to microorganisms, coding of sugar-manipulating enzymes, amoeba genotype virulence and host cell morphogenetic changes. These interaction mechanisms provide disease (such as Q fever, preventable blindness, sexually transmitted diseases, bronchiolitis) dispersal routes, which are common in man-made and food-related environments (Cavalier-Smith et al, 2004;Thomas and Greub, 2010).…”

“…Many wellknown pathogens of humans are able to infect, survive, and multiply within phagocytosis vacuoles Horn and Wagner, 2004). FLA serve as reservoirs and vectors for the transmission of pathogenic bacteria to humans or animals (Lorenzo-Morales et al, 2007;Thomas and Greub 2010;Anacarso et al, 2012;Mella et al, 2016). Several publications appeared in recent years documenting that amoeba can serve as a genetic "melting pot" where gene exchanges occur.…”

“…Interaction between FLA and bacteria promotes the pathogenicity of bacteria, and amoeba were important for the adaptation of bacteria to higher eukaryotic cells via intracellular growth (Harb et al, 2000;Albert-Weissenberger et al, 2007). An intracellular lifestyle protect bacteria against adverse conditions and disinfectants and some bacteria species are capable to survive in amoeba even during the cyst stage (Borella, 2005;Thomas and Greub, 2010;Melle et al, 2016). However, not all bacteria are ingested or digested by amoeba.…”