Amniotic immune biomarkers as risk factors in women with different symptoms of threatened late miscarriage

Abstract

Problem:To investigate risk factors that can help identify the possibility of pregnancy loss in threatened late miscarriage (TLM) patients with and without spontaneous uterine contractions. Method of study:Amniotic immune biomarkers (IL2β receptor, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL1β, and TNFα) were assayed, and "sludge" was assessed. Patients without intrauterine infections were treated and followed up until delivery, and pregnancy outcomes were recorded. The two groups were compared for the differences in biomarker levels and "sludge," and the independent associations of biomarkers, "sludge," and other maternal factors with late miscarriage were investigated. Results:The amniotic levels of IL2βR, IL8, and TNFα were higher in the group with contractions (P < .05). When considered alone, each of the six biomarkers was significantly associated with late miscarriage in the no-contractions group and four of these (IL8, IL10, IL1β, and TNFα) in the contractions group (P < .05). Biomarker levels were correlated, and in multivariate Cox regression analysis, there was an independent effect only for IL8 in the no-contractions group (HR = 18.16, 95% CI: 5.75-57.43) andTNFα in the contractions group (HR = 4.11, 95% CI: 1.68-10.08). For patients with contractions, IL10, IL8, and IL1β were different in those with and without "sludge," but no such difference was seen in the no-contractions group. Conclusion:For TLM patients without intrauterine infections, amniotic immune biomarkers differ between patients with different symptoms, not only for their levels but also for the impact of these biomarkers on the risk of late miscarriage. These findings suggest that the symptoms of TLM should be considered in the study of miscarriage risk. K E Y W O R D S amniotic fluid sludge, IL6, IL8, independent risk factors, threatened late miscarriage, transvaginal ultrasoundThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Analysis of Genomic Copy Number Variation in Miscarriages During Early and Middle Pregnancy

“…Studies have shown that genetic factors play an important role in early miscarriage, with about 50% of the cases caused by chromosomal abnormalities (van den Berg et al, 2012;Ozawa et al, 2019), while the risk factors of late miscarriage (≥28 gestational weeks) are mainly immune and environmental factors (Meng et al, 2020). Types of chromosomal abnormalities including numerical chromosomal abnormality, structural chromosomal abnormality, chimera, and polyploidy.…”

Experience of copy number variation sequencing applied in spontaneous abortion

“…Studies have shown that genetic factors play an important role in miscarriage, with 50% of cases caused by chromosomal abnormalities [ 18 ]. On the other hand, the risk factors for stillbirth (≥ 28 gestational weeks) are mainly immune and environmental factors [ 19 ]. Researchers have found that fetal chromosomal aneuploidy is the primary cause of miscarriage [ 20 ], with aneuploidy of chromosomes 13, 16, 18, 21, 22 and sex chromosomes being ubiquitous [ 21 , 22 ].…”

Impact of a previous late miscarriage on subsequent pregnancy outcomes: A retrospective cohort study over 10 years

“…Late miscarriage (LM), also known as second‐trimester or mid‐trimester pregnancy loss, is defined differently across countries 1 . In China, LM refers to a complete pregnancy loss between 12 and 28 weeks of gestation.…”

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Late miscarriage (LM), also known as second-trimester or midtrimester pregnancy loss, is defined differently across countries. 1 In China, LM refers to a complete pregnancy loss between 12 and 28 weeks of gestation. According to a previous retrospective study, 2 the main causes of LM include cervical incompetence, fetal anomaly, maternal infection, and premature rupture of membranes.

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