Ammonium-Assisted Intercalation of Java Bentonite as Effective of Cationic Dye Removal

Abstract

Modification of Java bentonite assists by the multi-step intercalation of sodium and ammonium ions under lowtemperature preparation. The adsorbent was examined to remove rhodamine B and methylene blue dyes in an aqueous solvent. The analysis of structural changes conducted by XRD analysis showed the peak shifting from 19.89° to 16.1° and specific peak spectra FTIR of 2846.93 cm -1 due to increase basal spacing from ammonium intercalation. The total capacities of NH-bentonite, Na-bentonite, and Natural Bentonite adsorption to rhodamine B were 192.308 mg/g, 136.936 mg/g, and 116.279 mg/g, respectively, under acidic conditions. Furthermore, the total capacities of NH-bentonite, Na-bentonite, and Natural Bentonite adsorption to methylene blue were 270.27 mg/g, 158.73 mg/g, and 136.986 mg/g, respectively, under alkaline conditions. The adsorption mechanism described that the rhodamine B and methylene blue removal occurred endothermically, was feasible, and adhered to the kinetics model of pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isotherm. It concluded that the modified Java Bentonite from multistep intercalation is affordable and effective as wastewater treatment.

Pillarization of Sumatera Bentonite by Sodium-assisted As Effective Adsorbent of Anionic Surfactants Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) Waste

“…The characterization materials show integration information of adsorption synergism in the bentonite-modified adsorbent. The expanded materials shown in SEM analysis support the higher crystallinity condition affected by the intercalation process according to XRD analysis [34]. Moreover, the functional group transformation detected in FTIR analysis and BET surface area analysis supports the proposed adsorption mechanism dominated by direct interaction between adsorbent and adsorbate [35].…”

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) precipitation using ammonium-intercalated clay coagulant

“…Moreover, the slight increase in quartz peak was affected by the re-structure of the intercalation process after calcination. Those were caused by the calcination process using 200°C of temperature [27,[29][30][31]. According to Figure 3(b), the detailed diffractogram area between 10° and 11° strength proves interlayer lifting due to ammonium ion (NH4 + ) intercalation [32].…”