Ammonium and potassium removal from undiluted and diluted hydrolyzed urine using natural zeolites

Pathogens inactivation in nutrient recovery from urine: A review

“…Urea, ammonium, phosphate and potassium in urine can be adsorbed by various adsorbents such as activated carbon (Ganrot et al, 2007a), biochar (Bai et al, 2018;Xu et al, 2018;Xu et al, 2019b;Zhang X. et al, 2021), gastropod shell (Saliu et al, 2020), ion exchange resin (O'Neal and Boyer, 2013;O'Neal and Boyer, 2015;Tarpeh et al, 2017;Tarpeh et al, 2018b), layered double hydroxides (LDH) (Dox et al, 2019a;Dox et al, 2019b;Dox et al, 2022), magnetic Fe 3 O 4 @ZrO 2 nanoparticles (Guan et al, 2020a), metal organic frameworks (MOF) (Lin et al, 2015;Guan et al, 2020b), natural loess (Jiang et al, 2016), porous organic polymer (Zhang et al, 2020), wollastonite (Lind et al, 2000), zeolite (Ban and Dave, 2004;Beler-Baykal et al, 2004;Ganrot et al, 2007a;Leung et al, 2007;Ganrot et al, 2008;Baykal et al, 2009;Beler-Baykal et al, 2011;Huang et al, 2014;Xu S. et al, 2015;Mitrogiannis et al, 2018;Makgabutlane et al, 2020;Regmi and Boyer, 2020). Some of these adsorbents i.e., biochar, gastropod shell, natural loess, and zeolite after nutrient Frontiers in Environmental Science frontiersin.org adsorption can be directly used as fertilizer in agriculture (Ganrot et al, 2008;Beler-Baykal et al, 2011;Xu S. et al, 2015;Jiang et al, 2016;…”

Inorganic Oxide Systems as Platforms for Synergistic Adsorption and Enzymatic Conversion of Estrogens from Aqueous Solutions: Mechanism, Stability and Toxicity Studies

“…The effect of pH was determined over pH ranging from 3 to 8, at 25 • C, EE2 concentration of 1 mg/L, using 100 mg of biosystems and for 12 h. Effect of estrogen concentration on its removal rate was determined within 12 h at pH 5, 25 • C, using 100 mg of biosystems and tested EE2 solutions at concentrations from 0.1 to 5.0 mg/L. Finally, the effect of biosystems dose (50-500 mg) was examined at pH 5, 25 • C, EE2 concentration of 1 mg/L and for 12 h. The removal efficiency of EE2 in the presence of competitive cations and anions was determined by incubating 12 mg of free laccase and 100 mg of CaSiO 3 -laccase biosystem or CaSiO 3 -inactivated laccase, containing 12 mg of the enzyme, separately, in 1 mg/L solution of estrogen at pH 5, 25 • C and for 12 h. The tests were performed in the presence of lead nitrate, zinc chloride, iron(II) chloride, nickel chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, silver chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium fluoride, sodium bromide and sodium cyanide solutions at concentrations of 50 mg/L [21,48,50,10]. Mixtures were placed in an IKA KS 4000i control incubator (IKA Werke GmbH, Germany) and were sampled every specified period of time.…”

Banana Peel Derived Chitosan-Grafted Biocomposite for Recovery of NH4+ and PO43–

“…Generally, an adult healthy human excretes about 550 L of urine annually which is equivalent to 4 kg of nitrogen, 0.4 kg of phosphorus, and 0.9 kg of potassium. 7 Despite containing as many as 3000 separate chemical species, the dominant components are water (95%) and urea (2%). Ions such as NH 4 + , Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cl − , SO 4 2− , NO 3 2− , and PO 4 3− are present in variable proportions.…”