Ammonia sensors and their applications—a review

Timmer, B.H.; Olthuis, Wouter; Berg, Albert van den

doi:10.1016/j.snb.2004.11.054

Cited by 1,486 publications

(867 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…The GN based sensor could not recover to its initial resistance under no NH 3 injection and performs baseline drift in a varying degree. The drift would be more serious under higher concentration of NH 3 . For PANI based sensor, it shows rapid response and recovery process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 4 displays the dynamic response of sensors based on GN, PANI and GN-PANI composite film toward 12.5 ppm, 20 ppm, 25 ppm, 30 ppm, 35 ppm and 100 ppm respectively. The resistance immediately increases when the sensor was exposed in NH 3 . When exposure to air, the resistance of sensors decreased significantly and gradually restore to base state.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When exposing to high concentration of NH 3 (>30 ppm), the sensor requires more time to restore to its original resistance. With a certain time, the sensor could recover to its initial state even under exposure to 100 ppm of NH 3 . For GN-PANI composite sensor, it shows enhanced response in comparison with GN and PANI based sensors.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The composite sensor shows a better sensing performance than that of GN and PANI based sensors due to synergistic effect of PANI and GN. Besides, supersaturation phenomenon occurring at high concentration of NH 3 was observed and investigated. It reveals that the composite sensor is simple, inexpensive, sensitive and room-temperature reliable, which is expected to be built in hand-held optoelectronic devices for further functional convergence.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Ammonia can irritates skin, eyes and respiratory tract of humans when the concentration reaches to a certain value (the safety threshold is ∼25 ppm in air). 3 It is also flammable at concentration of ca. 15%-28% by volume in air.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effective Room-Temperature Ammonia-Sensitive Composite Sensor Based on Graphene Nanoplates and PANI

Chen

Liu

et al. 2018

ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol.

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The graphene nanoplate (GN)-polyaniline (PANI) composite was developed via in-situ polymerization method and simultaneously assembled on interdigital electrodes (IDEs) at low temperature for ammonia (NH 3 ) detection. The assembled composite sensor showed excellent sensing performance toward different concentrations of NH 3 , 1.5 of response value and 123 s/204 s for the response/recovery time to 15 ppm NH 3 . Meanwhile, an interesting supersaturation phenomenon was observed at high concentration of NH 3 . A reasonable speculation was proposed for this special sensing behavior and the mechanism for enhanced sensing properties was also analyzed. Among the toxic gases of the interest, ammonia is a prominent example for its wide applications in industrial manufacturing and daily life. 1 It can even be generally produced in natural processes in animals, human and plants. 2 Ammonia can irritates skin, eyes and respiratory tract of humans when the concentration reaches to a certain value (the safety threshold is ∼25 ppm in air). 3 It is also flammable at concentration of ca. 15%-28% by volume in air. 4 Therefore, many approaches have been employed to detect ammonia, including gas chromatography, 5 polarography, 6 fluorometry 7 and spectrophotometry. 8 Meanwhile, with the consideration of the need for cheap, fast and efficient sensors, semiconductor-based gas sensors have been developed quickly. 9 As an emerging 2-D material, graphene has attracted much attention worldwide for its large specific surface area 10 and excellent electrical properties. 11,12 However, no material can be satisfactorily applied in any field, especially in complex scenarios. Theoretical and experimental studies have shown graphene performs limited selectivity to different kinds of gas species. 13 Composition with other functional materials would be an expectable choice. The conducting polymer, especially polyaniline (PANI), 14 is a promising choice, as their low cost and ability for room-temperature detection. 15 Extensive studies reported that the composite of PANI and graphene demonstrates efficient charge transport and collection, 16 as well as enhanced thermal and chemical stability. 17 Herein, GN-PANI nanocomposite film was synthesized by in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in a functional graphene nanoplate (GN) suspension, and was simultaneously assembled onto a substrate with interdigital electrodes (IDEs) at low temperature. It suggests that the composite film sensor shows enhanced π electrons conjugation system, large specific surface area and stronger intermolecular interaction. Benefit from this, the composite showed a much improved sensing performance comparing with bare GN and bare PANI based sensors. z E-mail: zhichen@engr.uky.edu; taitai1980@uestc.edu.cn ExperimentalMaterials.-Aniline (≥99.5%), poly (diallyldimenthylammonium chloride) solution (PDDA) and poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., USA. Ammonium persulfate (APS) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were obtained from Chen...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Effective Room-Temperature Ammonia-Sensitive Composite Sensor Based on Graphene Nanoplates and PANI

Chen

Liu

et al. 2018

ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol.

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Sensors in the Measurement of Toxic Gases in the Air

Zhuiykov

2000

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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The use of state‐of‐the‐art chemical sensors for accurate measurement of the toxic gases in air has been increased over the last decade owing to the growing public awareness of the hazards associated with many airborne chemicals, toughening the legislation in various countries toward the reduction of the pollutants' emission and continuous advancements in the development of new measuring concepts and nanomaterials for sensing electrodes (SEs). (1–19) This article provides an overview of the major sensor types with specific examples of the utilization of nanostructured materials for their SEs. Examples of the different sensors and their improved characteristics have been discussed.

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Humidity, Gas, and Volatile Organic Compound Sensors

López-Torres

Elosúa

2020

Optical Fibre Sensors

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Ammonia sensors and their applications—a review

Cited by 1,486 publications

References 93 publications

Effective Room-Temperature Ammonia-Sensitive Composite Sensor Based on Graphene Nanoplates and PANI

Effective Room-Temperature Ammonia-Sensitive Composite Sensor Based on Graphene Nanoplates and PANI

Sensors in the Measurement of Toxic Gases in the Air

Humidity, Gas, and Volatile Organic Compound Sensors

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