“…This effect is observed with low concentrations of NMDA (e.g., 1 μM × 5 min) that produce no change in basal AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission (Izumi, Clifford, & Zorumski, 1992a). Persistent LTP block is also achieved by mildly stressful metabolic conditions including low glucose (Izumi & Zorumski, 1997), brief hypoxia (Izumi, Katsuki, Benz, & Zorumski, 1998), and ammonia (Izumi, Izumi, Matsukawa, Funatsu, & Zorumski, 2005a), and following behavioral stress (Kim, Foy, & Thompson, 1996; Yang, Yang, Huang, & Hsu, 2008). In all of these examples, an NMDAR antagonist administered during the stressor paradoxically promotes LTP, implicating untimely, low-level NMDAR activation in LTP inhibition.…”