Ammonia Excretion of the Guinea Pig and Rabbit

Richterich, R.; Goldstein, Léon; Dearborn, Earl H.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1958.192.2.392

Cited by 10 publications

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“…The rate at which 'ammonia' is produced most likely depends upon the supply of glutamine (and other precursors) and upon the activity of the intracellular enzymes, so that it might be affected by intracellular pH. The use by Orloff & Berliner (1956) and by Richterich et al (1958) of the term 'production-limited' to describe the excretion of 'ammonia' when its rate was not increased by increasing the rate of flow of urine might appear to imply that all the 'ammonia' produced by the kidneys was excreted in the urine. In fact it is probable that, even under conditions in which the excretion of 'ammonia' has been regarded as 'production-limited', more 'ammonia' may leave the kidneys in the renal venous blood than in the urine, so that the rate of urinary excretion ought not to be regarded as limited primarily by production.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dependence of the rate of excretion of 'ammonia' upon urine flow has been well established in animals other than man. Richterich, Goldstein & Dearborn (1958) demonstrated a linear relation between minute volume and the output of urinary 'ammonia' in guineapigs and rabbits. These animals are herbivora, whose urine is usually alkaline (Claude Bernard, 1865), but Orloff & Berliner (1956) found that the excretion of 'ammonia' was proportional to minute volume in dogs also if the rates of flow were small enough and if the urine was made alkaline.…”

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confidence: 94%

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The effect of urinary output upon the excretion of ‘ammonia’ in man

Macknight¹,

Macknight²,

Robinson³

1962

The Journal of Physiology

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Aqueous solutions of 'ammonia' contain both the free base NH3 and its conjugate acid, the ammonium ion NH+, in proportions determined by the pH. The total of both species present in a solution may be referred to as 'ammonia'; it is usually estimated by removing the free base by diffusion, aeration or distillation in steam after the solution has been made alkaline. Since common urinary solutes do not modify the acidic dissociation constant pKa of ammonium (Bank & Schwartz, 1960), and since the pH of human urine is always well below this, 'ammonia' in urine is present almost entirely in the form ofammonium ions, which represent an important part of the acid excreted by the kidneys (Robinson, 1961).It is often stated that the rate of excretion of 'ammonia' is determined principally by urinary pH, in that it increases as the urine becomes more strongly acid. The influence of acidity was emphasized in a graph published by Eggleton (1947) showing a linear relation between the output of 'ammonia' and the pH of human urine in 148 observations on one subject. In contrast to this well-recognized effect of acidity, the rate of flow of urine has been supposed to exert little influence upon the excretion of' ammonia ', but Eggleton (1947) pointed out that the linear relation was found in only 13 of 30 subjects tested on at least two occasions; the output of 'ammonia' by the remaining subjects varied with the rate of flow to an extent which differed from one to another. An earlier study (Eggleton, 1946) of diuresis induced by alcohol had also indicated that any relation between 'ammonia ' output and urinary acidity was considerably modified by the rate of urine flow, for diuresis was associated with an appreciable increase in the excretion of 'ammonia', and such an increase might occur in spite of a decrease in acidity. Dependence of the rate of excretion of 'ammonia' upon urine flow has been well established in animals other than man. Richterich, Goldstein & Dearborn (1958) demonstrated a linear relation between minute volume and the output of urinary 'ammonia' in guineapigs and rabbits. These animals are herbivora, whose urine is usually

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 94%

The effect of urinary output upon the excretion of ‘ammonia’ in man

Macknight¹,

Macknight²,

Robinson³

1962

The Journal of Physiology

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“…during states of diabetic ketoacidosis, renal ammonia excretion in creases 10-fold. The importance of this re sponse in mammalian acid-base regulation is best exemplified by a comparative exam ination of mammalian species [38,61]. The rabbit, having a relatively low capacity for renal ammonia excretion (10 pmol/kg • h), is unable to withstand small doses of acids easily tolerated by other mammals, such as the dog, which are characterized by a greater rate of renal ammonia excretion (130 pmol/kg • h).…”

Section: Ammoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Renal Excretion of Nitrogenous Compounds in Vertebrates

King¹,

Goldstein²

1985

Kidney Blood Press Res

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The renal excretion of nitrogenous compounds plays an important role not only in the elimination of nitrogen end-products but also in regulating the acid-base and osmotic balance of body fluids. The major nitrogenous compounds excreted by the vertebrate kidney are ammonia, urea and uric acid. The present review addresses the renal excretion of these compounds and, in addition, the amino acid taurine. The functions of excretion; the mechanisms of excretion including renal metabolism, renal handling (secretion, reabsorption, and filtration), and transepithelial transport processes; and the factors regulating these mechanisms are discussed. Renal nitrogen excretion among the vertebrate classes from fish to mammals is compared.

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“…The metabolic use of VFA’s, coupled with the intake of an alkaline ash diet, eliminates the non-volatile acidic burden on the kidneys of this species. The excretion of nutrient alkali, along with the net secretion of bicarbonate by the β-intercalated cells in the cortical collecting ducts (CCD), gives normal rabbit urine its unique acid-base characteristics, which include a high titratable alkalinity, a pH in the zone of 8 ± 0.4, a milky appearance due to the precipitation of calcium salts at alkaline pH, and trace concentrations of ammonia ( Richterich et al, 1958 ; Walsh and O'Donovan, 2019a ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infusion of an acidified ethanolic—dextrose solution enhances urinary ammonium excretion and increases acid resilience in non—mechanically ventilated acidotic rabbits

Walsh

2022

Front. Physiol.

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Hitherto, the rabbit has long been known to have a very poor tolerance to non—volatile acid. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that acid resilience in the acidotic rabbit can be increased by enhancing the plasma availability of a naturally occurring volatile fatty acid, namely acetate. To ascertain the relative merits of the respiratory and renal systems in contributing to that resilience, we conducted our studies in non—ventilated and mechanically ventilated acidotic animals. Using ethanol as a feeder of acetate, and to counteract the antidiuretic effects of surgical interventions, we induced acidosis in anaesthetised rabbits, by intravenously infusing an acidified ethanolic dextrose solution. We observed very potent respiratory regulation of arterial blood pH coupled with a notable renal response by way of a 25-fold increase in urinary ammonium excretion in the non—ventilated group. In contrast, arterial blood pH plummeted much more rapidly in the mechanically—ventilated animals, but the compensated renal response was enormous, in the form of an 85 -fold increase in urinary ammonium output. Despite this significant adaptive renal response, the non -mechanically ventilated group of rabbits showed the greater acid resilience. This was attributed to an acetate stimulated flux through a series of metabolic pathways, generating supplementary buffer in the form of bicarbonate and ammonia, complemented by a robust respiratory response.

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Ammonia Excretion of the Guinea Pig and Rabbit

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

The effect of urinary output upon the excretion of ‘ammonia’ in man

The effect of urinary output upon the excretion of ‘ammonia’ in man

Renal Excretion of Nitrogenous Compounds in Vertebrates

Infusion of an acidified ethanolic—dextrose solution enhances urinary ammonium excretion and increases acid resilience in non—mechanically ventilated acidotic rabbits

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