Ammonia Emissions in SI Engines Fueled with LPG

Żółtowski, A.; Gis, W.

doi:10.3390/en14030691

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The mechanisms that take place under these conditions are the water-gas (CO) shift reaction, producing H 2 and the reaction of NO and H 2 [58]. The availability of H 2 and CO, the exhaust gas temperature, and the lambda also affects small differences in the slopes of the cumulative NH 3 functions between different temperatures [59].…”

Section: Cold Startmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Extreme Temperatures and Driving Conditions on Gaseous Pollutants of a Euro 6d-Temp Gasoline Vehicle

et al. 2021

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Gaseous emissions of modern Euro 6d vehicles, when tested within real driving emissions (RDE) boundaries, are, in most cases, at low levels. There are concerns, though, about their emission performance when tested at or above the boundaries of ambient and driving conditions requirements of RDE regulations. In this study, a Euro 6d-Temp gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicle with three-way catalyst and gasoline particulate filter was tested on the road and in a laboratory at temperatures ranging between −30 °C and 50 °C, with cycles simulating urban congested traffic, uphill driving while towing a trailer at 85% of the vehicle’s maximum payload, and dynamic driving. The vehicle respected the Euro 6 emission limits, even though they were not applicable to the specific cycles, which were outside of the RDE environmental and trip boundary conditions. Most of the emissions were produced during cold starts and at low ambient temperatures. Heavy traffic, dynamic driving, and high payload were found to increase emissions depending on the pollutant. Even though this car was one of the lowest emitting cars found in the literature, the proposed future Euro 7 limits will require a further decrease in cold start emissions in order to ensure low emission levels under most ambient and driving conditions, particularly in urban environments. Nevertheless, motorway emissions will also have to be controlled well.

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Section: Cold Startmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Extreme Temperatures and Driving Conditions on Gaseous Pollutants of a Euro 6d-Temp Gasoline Vehicle

et al. 2021

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“…is actually due to wide application of the traditional and advanced technology with possible hydrogen saturation during long term service and engines hydrogen cleaning effect . From the investigation of the operation principle of internal combustion engines [1,[3][4][5]9,[35][36][37], it follows that the mechanical movement of its elements is largely determined by the kinematics of the crank mechanism, fluid hydrodynamics in the channels, as well as more complex forms of movement: chemical and thermal movement, that is the processes of releasing and transferring the heat to the working fluid in the engine cylinder. Thermodynamic and heat transfer are important systems in the engine [6][7][8][9][10]13,18,21].…”

Section: Literature Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The classification of nanofluids and the analysis of theoretical advances to modeling the transfer coefficients are given in [19]. In particular, it is noted that a rigorous theory of transfer processes in nanofluids has not yet been developed, and the application of thermal conductivity modeling by molecular dynamics methods still gives predictions different from the classical theory [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. However, none of the works mention how to avoid sediment on the bottom of the engine cooling channel of "light" nanoparticles under the action of inertial and gravitational forces.…”

Section: Literature Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, an increase of particle size contributes to a decrease of heat transfer coefficients. In addition, during heat transfer in systems with nanofluids, the volume concentration of nanoparticles and their thermal conductivity coefficient have the main effect [35,53,77,84,89,95,114,132,150,158].…”

Section: Behavior Of Nanoparticles In the Engine Cylinder Head Cooling Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogen Containing Nanofluids in the Spark Engine’s Cylinder Head Cooling System

et al. 2021

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The article is devoted to the following issues: boiling of fluid in the cooling jacket of the engine cylinder head; agents that influenced the thermal conductivity coefficient of nanofluids; behavior of nanoparticles and devices with nanoparticles in the engine’s cylinder head cooling system. The permissible temperature level of internal combustion engines is ensured by intensification of heat transfer in cooling systems due to the change of coolants with “light” and “heavy” nanoparticles. It was established that the introduction of “light” nanoparticles of aluminum oxide into the water in a mass concentration of 0.75% led to an increase in its thermal conductivity coefficient by 60% compared to the base fluid at a coolant temperature of 90 °C, which corresponds to the operating temperature of the engine cooling systems. At the indicated temperature, the base fluid has a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.545 W/(m °С), for nanofluid with particles its value was 0.872 . At the same time, a positive change in the parameters of the nanofluid in the engine cooling system was noted: the average movement speed increased from 0.2 to 2.0 m/s; the average temperature is in the range of 60–90 °C; heat flux density 2 × 102–2 × 106 ; heat transfer coefficient 150–1000 . Growth of the thermal conductivity coefficient of the cooling nanofluid was achieved. This increase is determined by the change in the mass concentration of aluminum oxide nanoparticles in the base fluid. This will make it possible to create coolants with such thermophysical characteristics that are required to ensure intensive heat transfer in cooling systems of engines with various capacities.

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“…Paper [23] presents the results of ammonia emission tests from a spark-ignition engine powered by LPG in connection with the use of the TWC reactor in the exhaust gas cleaning system. The study showed that in the case of high temperature of the catalytic reactor and periodic enrichment of the mixture, the emission of ammonia may be increased.…”

Section: Fuel Installations For Unconventional Fuels In Ic Enginesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of dynamic and ecological properties of automotive bi-fuel engine

Chłopek

Lasocki

Sar

2021

Int J Energy Environ Eng

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Gaseous fuels are increasingly used to power internal combustion engines. Spark-ignition engines are fuelled with liquefied petroleum gas. Engines powered by gaseous fuels are characterized by good ecological properties due to the emission of pollutants. The paper presents the results of empirical tests of two passenger cars with spark-ignition engines powered alternatively: with gasoline and LPG fuel. The engines were equipped with fifth generation LPG fuelling systems. The tests were performed on a chassis dynamometer in tests used in approval procedures in Europe (NEDC test) and in the United States of America (FTP-75 test). These tests were the basis for determining the average specific distance emission of pollutants (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide) during the tests. The engines were also tested in the conditions of the external speed characteristics while accelerating the car in third gear. It was found that the type of fuelling the engines with both fuels has little influence on the dynamic properties of the engine due to the effective power. The tests clearly showed a decrease in specific distance emission of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The relative reduction in specific distance emission of carbon monoxide was in the order of (45–65)%, and carbon dioxide—about 10%. For hydrocarbons, there was an increase in specific distance emission of hydrocarbons for the fuelling of engines with LPG, while for hydrocarbons, there was a large difference in the value of the relative specific distance emission difference for both tests. (The relative difference was from 25 to 175%.) Specific distance emission of nitrogen oxides turned out to be significantly higher when running engines with LPG. The reason for this is leaning of the fuel mixture at high rotational speed during acceleration of the car, which may result from insufficient conversion efficiency of engine control algorithms in the LPG fuel mode.

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Ammonia Emissions in SI Engines Fueled with LPG

Cited by 12 publications

References 18 publications

Effect of Extreme Temperatures and Driving Conditions on Gaseous Pollutants of a Euro 6d-Temp Gasoline Vehicle

Effect of Extreme Temperatures and Driving Conditions on Gaseous Pollutants of a Euro 6d-Temp Gasoline Vehicle

Hydrogen Containing Nanofluids in the Spark Engine’s Cylinder Head Cooling System

Study of dynamic and ecological properties of automotive bi-fuel engine

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