Ammonia Emission Factors for Open-Lot Dairies: Direct Measurements and Estimation by Nitrogen Intake

Cassel, Teresa; Ashbaugh, Lowell L.; Flocchini, Robert G.; Meyer, Donald L.

doi:10.1080/10473289.2005.10464660

Cited by 22 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Differences between the east basin and west basin emissions were in part due to the need to estimate upwind flux for the west basin versus the measurement of the upwind flux of the east basin. Ammonia emissions were comparable to those reported by Rumburg et al (2008) and generally higher than those reported by Cassel et al (2005a,b). Emissions as the basin dried and while the solid sludge was removed varied greatly.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Rumburg et al (2008) measured NH 3 emissions of a dairy wastewater storage pond in Washington State over a range of temperatures and found emissions ranging from 31 to 150 μg −2 s −1 . Cassel et al (2005a,b) reported short‐term emissions ranging from 3 to 27 μg −2 s −1 downwind of manure basins of 2200‐ and 1500‐head open‐lot dairies in California. Bjorneberg et al (2009) measured NH 3 emissions from a 700‐milking‐cow, open‐lot dairy in Idaho during single days in January, March, June, and September and found emissions from the manure pond ranging from 6 μg −2 s −1 in January to 45 μg −2 s −1 in March.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Manure Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions from a Western Dairy Storage Basin

Grant

Boehm

2015

J. Environ. Qual.

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The reporting of ammonia (NH) and hydrogen sulfide (HS) emissions from dairies to the federal government depends on the magnitude of the emissions. However, little is known about their daily NH and HS emissions and what influences those emissions. Emissions of NH and HS from two manure storage basins at a 4400-head western free-stall dairy were measured intermittently over 2 yr. Each basin went through stages of filling, drying, and then removal of the manure during the study period. Emissions were determined using backward Lagrangian Stochastic and vertical radial plume methods. Ammonia emissions ranged from 35 to 59 kg d in one basin and from 86 to 90 kg d in a second basin, corresponding to a range of 7 to 19 g d head. Basin NH emissions were highest during initial filling and when the manure was removed. Mean HS emissions ranged from 5 to 22 kg d (1.1-4.6 g d head). Basin HS emissions were highest when the basin was filling. Crusting of the basin surface reduced NH but not HS emissions. The cessation of basin filling reduced HS but not NH emissions. Air temperature and wind conditions were correlated with NH emissions. Barometric pressure decreases were correlated with episodic HS emissions. The variability in emissions with stage of manure handling and storage and meteorological conditions indicates that determining the maximum daily emissions and the annual emissions from such waste basins requires consideration of each stage in conjunction with the climatic conditions during the stage.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

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confidence: 99%

Manure Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions from a Western Dairy Storage Basin

Grant

Boehm

2015

J. Environ. Qual.

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“…In both of these studies, measurements were taken for up to 5 d during one or two seasons. Other studies have determined NH 3 emissions from dairy cattle housing (Cassel et al, 2005; Rumburg et al, 2008) or dairy cattle housing and manure handling systems (Flesch et al, 2009) using downwind measurements and modeling to estimate emissions. These studies measured NH 3 emissions from 3 to 31 d, with some studies measuring emissions during different seasons (winter, summer, and fall).…”

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confidence: 99%

Emissions of Ammonia, Methane, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrous Oxide from Dairy Cattle Housing and Manure Management Systems

et al. 2011

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Concentrated animal feeding operations emit trace gases such as ammonia (NH 3 ), methane (CH 4 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). The implementation of air quality regulations in livestock-producing states increases the need for accurate on-farm determination of emission rates. The objective of this study was to determine the emission rates of , respectively. The open lot areas generated the greatest emissions of NH 3 , CO 2 , and N 2 O, contributing 78, 80, and 57%, respectively, to total farm emissions. Methane emissions were greatest from the lots in the spring (74% of total), after which the wastewater pond became the largest source of emissions (55% of total) for the remainder of the year. Data from this study can be used to develop trace gas emissions factors from open-lot dairies in southern Idaho and potentially other open-lot production systems in similar climatic regions.

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“…This was the most comprehensive study of emissions from livestock agriculture at the time; however, it did not include emissions of GHGs. Since then, additional peer‐reviewed studies have investigated emissions from livestock production in the United States, including beef (Todd et al, 2011, 2014), dairy (Cassel et al, 2005; Rumburg et al, 2008; Bjorneberg et al, 2009; Flesch et al, 2009; Leytem et al, 2011, 2013; Moore et al, 2014), swine (James et al, 2012; Rahman and Newman, 2012), and poultry (Miles et al, 2006; Moore et al, 2011; Hayes et al, 2013). Even with the completion of the NAEMS study, the USEPA Science Advisory Board (2013) recommended that more data are required before the USEPA develops emission methodologies for these livestock sectors, suggesting that quantification of on‐farm emissions is still a key area of future research.…”

Section: Key Research Areas and Needsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Livestock GRACEnet: A Workgroup Dedicated to Evaluating and Mitigating Emissions from Livestock Production

Leytem

Dungan

2014

J. Environ. Qual.

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Ammonia, greenhouse gases, and particulate emissions from livestock operations can potentially affect air quality at local, regional, and even global scales. These pollutants, many of which are generated through various anthropogenic activities, are being increasingly scrutinized by regulatory authorities. Regulation of emissions from livestock production systems will ultimately increase on farm costs, which will then be passed onto consumers. Therefore, it is essential that scientifically based emission factors are developed for on-farm emissions of air quality constituents to improve inventories and assign appropriate reduction targets. To generate a larger database of on-farm emissions, the USDA-ARS created the workgroup Livestock GRACEnet (Greenhouse gas Reduction through Agricultural Carbon Enhancement Network). This introduction for the special section of papers highlights some of the research presently being conducted by members of Livestock GRACEnet with the intent of drawing attention to critical information gaps, such as (i) improving emissions measurements; (ii) developing emissions factors; (iii) developing and validating tools for estimating emissions; and (iv) mitigating emissions. We also provide a synthesis of the literature with respect to key research areas related to livestock emissions, including feeding strategies, animal housing, manure management, and manure land application, and discuss future research priorities and directions.Livestock GRACEnet: A Workgroup Dedicated to Evaluating and Mitigating Emissions from Livestock Production April B. Leytem and Robert S. Dungan* A mmonia (NH 3 ), greenhouse gases (GHGs), and other emissions (e.g., particulate matter [PM], volatile organic compounds [VOCs], and hydrogen sulfide [H 2 S]) from livestock production systems are being increasingly scrutinized by state and federal regulatory agencies. These pollutants, which are also generated by energy, industrial, and transportation sectors, can adversely affect air quality on local, regional, and even global scales. When evaluating the impact of emissions from livestock production on air quality in the United States, NH 3 emissions are by far the greatest concern. According to the USEPA 2011 Emissions Inventory (USEPA, 2013), an estimated 82% of total NH 3 emissions is directly related to agriculture, with the majority associated with livestock production (livestock waste, 54%; fertilizer, 27%). Beef and poultry production are each estimated to generate approximately 28% of the livestock NH 3 emissions, followed by swine (21%) and dairy (18%) (Fig. 1a).Ammonia is generated during the decomposition of urea and other organic nitrogen (N) compounds in excreted urine and feces and is quickly volatilized to the atmosphere from livestock housing and manure management systems, and during the land application of livestock manures. Estimated percentage losses of NH 3 from total ammonium-N excreted from animals in housing, manure storage, and land application is presented in Fig. 2. Atmospheric NH 3 co...

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Ammonia Emission Factors for Open-Lot Dairies: Direct Measurements and Estimation by Nitrogen Intake

Cited by 22 publications

References 15 publications

Manure Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions from a Western Dairy Storage Basin

Manure Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions from a Western Dairy Storage Basin

Emissions of Ammonia, Methane, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrous Oxide from Dairy Cattle Housing and Manure Management Systems

Livestock GRACEnet: A Workgroup Dedicated to Evaluating and Mitigating Emissions from Livestock Production

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