Ammonia as a potential marine fuel: A review

Machaj, Krystian; Kupecki, Jakub; Malecha, Ziemowit; Morawski, A.W.; Skrzypkiewicz, Marek; Stanclik, Michał; Chorowski, M.

doi:10.1016/j.esr.2022.100926

Cited by 74 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Bilgili provided one comprehensive study of the environmental impact of four fossil marine fuels, concluding that heavy fuel oil (HFO) is a preferable alternative [21], and compared eight alternative marine fuels with LCA, concluding that biogas has the lowest total environmental impact [22]. In addition to these comprehensive studies, a large number of other good studies also exist, e.g., describing individual fuels (LNG [23][24][25][26][27][28][29], methane [30] methanol [31][32][33][34][35], HVO [36,37], hydrogen [38], ammonia [38,39] and electricity [40]), comparing different fuels [9,14,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59], or assessing other ways of improving the sustainability of the maritime industry [1,[60][61][6...…”

Section: Background and Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biomethanol can be produced from a wide range of feedstocks [35]. Marginal production of biomethane was modeled using the ecoinvent dataset "Biomethane, low pressure [39]|market for biomethane, low pressure|Conseq". LNG's combustion emissions were used as proxy for biomethane's combustion emissions, considering that biogenic (neutral) CO 2 instead of fossil CO 2 is emitted in the case of biomethane.…”

Section: Data Availability Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biomethanol has identical material properties to fossil methanol. For marginal biobased methanol, the Ecoinvent dataset "Methanol, from biomass [39]|market for|Conseq" was used. (RoW = Rest of World) The combustion emissions of bio-based methanol were set to zero since biogenic (neutral) CO 2 instead of fossil CO 2 is emitted.…”

Section: Data Availability Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the Environmental Impact of Eight Alternative Fuels in International Shipping: A Comparison of Marginal vs. Average Emissions

Krantz,

Moretti,

Brandão

et al. 2023

Environments

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Global warming and other environmental concerns drive the search for alternative fuels in international shipping. A life-cycle analysis (LCA) can be utilized to assess the environmental impact of different fuels, thereby enabling the identification of the most sustainable alternative among the candidate fuels. However, most LCA studies do not consider marginal emissions, which are important when predicting the effects of large-scale fuel transitions. The research purpose of this study was to assess the marginal emissions of several currently available marine fuels to facilitate the identification of the most promising marine fuel. Thus, marginal and average emissions for eight marine fuels (high-sulfur fuel oil, very-low-sulfur fuel oil, marine gas oil, liquified natural gas, biomethane, biomethanol, fossil methanol, and hydro-treated vegetable oil) were compared in terms of their environmental impact. Non-intuitively, the results indicate that biofuels exhibit equally or higher marginal greenhouse gas emissions than conventionally used fuel oils (162–270 versus 148–174 kg CO2/MJ propulsion), despite their significantly lower average emissions (19–73 vs. 169–175 kg CO2/MJ). This discrepancy is attributed to the current limited availability of climate-efficient biofuels. Consequently, a large-scale shift to biofuels cannot presently yield substantial reductions in the shipping industry’s climate impact. Additional measures, such as optimized trading routes, more energy-efficient ships, and research on more climate-friendly biofuels and electro-fuels, are thus required to significantly reduce the climate footprint of shipping.

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Section: Background and Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data Availability Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data Availability Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the Environmental Impact of Eight Alternative Fuels in International Shipping: A Comparison of Marginal vs. Average Emissions

Krantz,

Moretti,

Brandão

et al. 2023

Environments

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“…Direct ammonia SOFCs can eliminate the need for external cracking to hydrogen, thereby reducing system complexity. In addition, heat loss and thermal management in the stack periphery may be effectively managed via in-situ endothermic decomposition of ammonia (5)(6)(7)(8). Integration in a hybrid system is also beneficial to SOFCs due to the associated heat of compression for pressurized operation.…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Ammonia SOFC-Gas Turbine Hybrid Systems Modeling for Heavy-Duty Transportation Sector

Ashar¹,

Wehrle²,

Deutschmann³

et al. 2023

ECS Trans.

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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have the potential to run on ammonia without the need for any pre-reforming and therefore enable effective energy conversion of ammonia to power. In this work, an ammonia based SOFC-Gas turbine (GT) system concept is proposed and assessed for the mobility sector. The model integrates a three-dimensional multiscale SOFC stack simulation based on a validated Ni-GDC/GDC/SSC button cell model with balance-of-plant component modeling. This work discusses the thermodynamics of SOFC operation and system concepts to utilize ammonia in a hybrid system for a kW-scale transportation application. System indicators and performance metrics such as efficiency, electrochemical utilization and turbine inlet temperature are evaluated and optimized. The proposed hybrid system is computationally predicted to reach efficiencies of up to 60% for pressurized operation.

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“…One of the proposed solutions to overcome the mentioned limitations of today's hydrogen value chain is ammonia considered as a zero-carbon hydrogen carrier, for which mass-scale storage and transport have been known for many years. Moreover, ammonia is considered a promising fuel to decarbonize long distance transport especially the maritime sector (2,3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Thickness on Direct Ammonia Decomposition in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Numerical and Experimental Research

Machaj¹,

Skrzypkiewicz²,

Niemczyk³

et al. 2023

ECS Trans.

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Ammonia is a promising carbon-free hydrogen carrier and can be used as a fuel in energy systems, but often requires proper processing or decomposition into hydrogen and nitrogen in the presence of a catalyst. Due to the nickel-based anode and operating temperatures above 600 °C, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) can be directly fed with NH3 as a fuel - direct-ammonia SOFCs (DA-SOFCs). In this study, the performance of cells with different anode thickness was compared under similar operating conditions for crossflow DA-SOFCs. The experimental results were reproduced in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, OpenFuelCell, in which the source term responsible for internal cracking was introduced. Carried out calculations allowed to determine the distribution of ammonia and temperature in the SOFC anode functional layers. Lowering the operating temperature and cell thickness lead to incomplete conversion of ammonia in the cell.

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Ammonia as a potential marine fuel: A review

Cited by 74 publications

References 104 publications

Assessing the Environmental Impact of Eight Alternative Fuels in International Shipping: A Comparison of Marginal vs. Average Emissions

Assessing the Environmental Impact of Eight Alternative Fuels in International Shipping: A Comparison of Marginal vs. Average Emissions

Direct Ammonia SOFC-Gas Turbine Hybrid Systems Modeling for Heavy-Duty Transportation Sector

Impact of Thickness on Direct Ammonia Decomposition in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Numerical and Experimental Research

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