Ammonia as a green fuel and hydrogen source for vehicular applications

Zamfirescu, Calin; Dinçer, İbrahim

doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.02.004

Cited by 484 publications

(191 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Ammonia is commonly used in the production of fertilisers and household cleaning products and therefore has well-established protocols for its handling and usage and a safe existing transportation and distribution network [12]. In order to benefit from the absence of CO x emissions associated to hydrogen as a fuel in PEMFC, the whole process, from production to consumption needs to be CO x free [10].…”

Section: Hydrogen Production Via Ammonia Decompositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to benefit from the absence of CO x emissions associated to hydrogen as a fuel in PEMFC, the whole process, from production to consumption needs to be CO x free [10]. At the moment, ammonia is produced globally at a large scale of over 100 million tonnes annually, mainly from fossil fuels but new research is demonstrating its sustainable production from heat waste and renewable electricity sources such as solar, wind, hydro or geothermal energy in combination with air and water or biomass or organic waste [10,12].…”

Section: Hydrogen Production Via Ammonia Decompositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Out of these, ammonia has highly attractive chemical and physical properties as a carbon-free hydrogen vector, containing a significantly higher amount of hydrogen than liquefied hydrogen on a volumetric and gravimetric basis [8]. Additionally, from a safety point of view, ammonia has a relatively narrow combustion range of 16-25 % in air, compared with 4-75 % for H 2 [11,12]. Although the toxicity of ammonia may be a concern for specific uses, its strong smell is useful for identifying leaks or alternatively this issue can be completely overcome by the use of metal ammines such as Mg(NH 3 ) 6 Cl 2 or Ca(NH 3 ) 8 Cl 2 [7,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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H2 Production via Ammonia Decomposition Using Non-Noble Metal Catalysts: A Review

2016

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The wide-spread implementation of the so-called hydrogen economy is currently partially limited by an economically feasible way of storing hydrogen. In this context, ammonia has been commonly presented as a viable option for chemical storage due its high hydrogen content (17.6 wt%). However, its use as an energy carrier requires the development of catalytic systems capable of releasing hydrogen at adequate rates and conditions. At the moment, the most active catalytic systems for the decomposition of ammonia are based on ruthenium, however its cost and scarcity inhibit the wide scale use of these catalysts. This issue has triggered research on the development of alternative catalysts based on more sustainable systems using more readily available, non-noble metals mainly iron, cobalt and nickel as well as a series of transition metal carbides and nitrides and bimetallic systems, which are reviewed herein. There have been some promising cobaltand nickel-based catalysts reported for the decomposition of ammonia but metal dispersion needs to be increased in order to become more attractive candidates. Conversely, there seems to be less scope for improvement of iron-based catalysts and metal carbides and nitrides. The area with the most potential for improvement is with bimetallic catalysts, particularly those consisting of cobalt and molybdenum.

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Section: Hydrogen Production Via Ammonia Decompositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hydrogen Production Via Ammonia Decompositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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H2 Production via Ammonia Decomposition Using Non-Noble Metal Catalysts: A Review

2016

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“…2) Ammonia, which has a high hydrogen content, has attracted considerable interest in recent years as a potential hydrogen transport medium. [3][4][5][6] The storage density of ammonia is 17.6 mass% or 120 kg/m 3 for liquid NH 3 , considerably higher than for most advanced metal hydrides. Ammonia gas is relatively easy to liquefy (240 K at 101 kPa) compared with hydrogen gas (140 K at 101 kPa).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Reduction and Nitriding Behavior of Hematite with Ammonia

et al. 2015

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This paper describes the reduction and nitriding behavior of hematite with ammonia in the context of ironmaking. The effects of temperature and ammonia concentration on the products were investigated. In the temperature range from 793 to 863 K, hematite was directly reduced to magnetite by ammonia (1/2Fe2O3 + 1/9NH3 → 1/3Fe3O4 + 1/6H2O + 1/18N2). The ammonia started to decompose at 873 K, triggered by the generation of α-Fe. Magnetite was reduced mainly to iron by hydrogen generated from the decomposition of ammonia (1/3Fe3O4 + 4/3H2 → Fe + 4/3H2O). According to in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, α-Fe was immediately nitrided to an ε-Fe 3-x N (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) phase, and the N/Fe atomic ratio decreased gradually with increasing temperatures. The rate of hematite reduction increased with the ammonia concentration for 5% to 20% NH3, but plateaus for NH3 concentrations greater than 20%. This was attributed to the mechanism of ammonia decomposition; the amount of hydrogen generated also plateaus at ammonia concentrations above 20%. The reduction rate was therefore limited by the rate at which hydrogen was generated during ammonia decomposition. The N content of the product was affected not only by the temperature but also by the nitriding potential (KN = P NH 3 /P H 2 3/2 ). The nitriding potential increased with increasing ammonia concentrations and decreasing temperatures. The addition of nitrogen gas to the reactive gas inhibited ammonia decomposition and increased the nitrogen potential and N content of the product.

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“…Ammonia is a substantial hydrogen carrier which can be used as a storage method of hydrogen energy [3][4][5]. Anhydrous ammonia is a compound containing one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen (NH3).…”

Section: Abstract: Ammonia When Blended With Hydro Carbon Fuels Canmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia and gasoline composite liquid fuel blends emulsified with ethanol and methanol for direct displacement in internal combustion engines

Haputhanthri¹,

Austin²,

Maxwell³

et al. 2014

IOSRJMCE

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Ammonia as a green fuel and hydrogen source for vehicular applications

Cited by 484 publications

References 29 publications

H2 Production via Ammonia Decomposition Using Non-Noble Metal Catalysts: A Review

H2 Production via Ammonia Decomposition Using Non-Noble Metal Catalysts: A Review

Reduction and Nitriding Behavior of Hematite with Ammonia

Ammonia and gasoline composite liquid fuel blends emulsified with ethanol and methanol for direct displacement in internal combustion engines

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