Aminotransferases and lactate dehydrogenase in saliva of diabetic patients

Abstract

Although inflammatory or degenerative changes in salivary glands have been demonstrated in genetic animal models of diabetes mellitus and in experimental diabetes, no information is available in diabetics on the possible leakage in saliva of cytosolic enzymes as markers of salivary cell injury. Aspartate (GOT) and alanine (GPT) aminotransferases and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined in saliva samples collected by the Salivette method from well-controlled insulin-dependent (IDDM n = 11) and non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM n = 18) diabetic patients and from age-cross-matched healthy subjects (n = 33). In IDDM salivary concentrations of GOT (112.55 +/- 23.94 UI/L) and LDH (1120.27 +/- 168.31 UI/L) were similar to those found in the NIDDM (90.94 +/- 19.64, and 1255.43 +/- 221.40 UI/L respectively), but higher (p < 0.05) than those observed in normal subjects (33.09 +/- 3.71, and 423.58 +/- 39.94, UI/L respectively). GPT was higher in NIDDM than IDDM, which in turn was higher than in normal subjects (42.78 +/- 14.72, 16.45 +/- 3.74 and 6.85 +/- 1.52 UI/L respectively). Salivary and serum values of GOT, GPT and LDH were not correlated. Determination of cytosolic enzymes in saliva may be useful for monitoring the diabetic involvement of salivary glands.

Salivary lactate dehydrogenase and aminotransferases in diabetic patients

“…[16] Our data showed significantly higher activities of salivary AST and ALT in D1 compared with C. Similar data concerning adult subjects were presented by Musumeci et al, [23] Al-Rubee et al, [24] and Verma et al [25] However, Cinquini et al [26] did not notice any significant differences in the level of salivary AST and ALT in children with type 1 diabetes compared with the control group. Verma et al, [25] who reported increased activity levels of salivary AST and ALT in patients with type 1 diabetes compared with patients with type 2 diabetes and to the healthy control, obtained similar results.…”

“…[15,19,20] Numerous salivary components have been studied in relation to DM, to its duration, and metabolic control. The following findings have been reported when diabetic patients were compared with the control group: lower pH, [16,21] higher [11–14,16] or lower total protein concentration, [20,22] higher glucose level, [12,13,16,20,22] higher [21,23] or lower calcium level, [13,16] higher sodium and potassium level, [16] higher phosphate and magnesium levels, [23] the same concentration of creatinine, [23] higher urea, [13] lower α-amylase, [16,22] higher [23–25] or the same [26] levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), higher [14,23] or the same level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), [26] higher level of salivary antioxidants, [9] higher salivary IgA, [12] the same level of salivary antimicrobial factors (except for salivary peroxidase), [18] and increased myeloperoxidase activity and IgA content. [15] …”

“…[23] LDH is involved in anaerobic glycolysis that catalyzes pyruvate to lactic acid with NADH2 as an electron donor. LDH in mixed saliva comes from major and minor salivary glands (8.2% from parotid gland, 14.7% from submandibular and sublingual glands, 75% from gingival crevicular fluid, buccal epithelial cells, gastrointestinal reflux, and cell precipitate).…”

Complexity of the human whole saliva proteome

“…Saliva collection and protein extraction.-Parafilm-stimulated whole saliva was collected 2 hours after usual breakfast time (17) and complemented with a pro-tease inhibitor cocktail. Saliva samples were centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 15 min, and the supernatant was frozen at -80°C.…”

“…As a consequence, it is of crucial importance to better understand its physiological functions, which could offer important benefits of potential use in clinical medicine. For a long time, most available information about salivary proteins relied on dedicated techniques having no large scale capacity for protein identification (2,3,6,17,19). However, very recently, three works introduced a proteomic technology, combining resolutive two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, to map whole saliva proteins.…”