Amino Acids and Glucose Differentially Increased Extracellular 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid in the Rat Brain.

Arinobu, Yojiro; Shizuka, Fujiko; Yamamoto, Takashi; Nikawa, Takeshi; Kido, Yasutoshi; Rokutan, Kazuhito; Kishi, Kazushi

doi:10.3177/jnsv.41.325

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Global genetic mutation of 5-HT2C receptors cause increased food intake [122] while restoration of 5-HT2C receptors specifically in POMC neurons reverses hyperphagia and obesity [123]. Since increased glucose levels increase the synthesis and release of hypothalamic serotonin, specifically in the medial hypothalamus, [124], serotonin's effects on food intake may be tied to the ability of the CNS to sense glucose. It can be postulated that hypothalamic serotonin contributes to the hyperphagia present in obesity either from primary defects in CNS serotonin signaling or secondary defects from an inability to sense glucose appropriately.…”

Section: Neurotransmittersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothalamic control of energy and glucose metabolism

Sisley

Sandoval

2011

Rev Endocr Metab Disord

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The central nervous system (CNS), generally accepted to regulate energy homeostasis, has been implicated in the metabolic perturbations that either cause or are associated with obesity. Normally, the CNS receives hormonal, metabolic, and neuronal input to assure adequate energy levels and maintain stable energy homeostasis. Recent evidence also supports that the CNS uses these same inputs to regulate glucose homeostasis and this aspect of CNS regulation also becomes impaired in the face of dietary-induced obesity. This review focuses on the literature surrounding hypothalamic regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis and discusses how dysregulation of this system may contribute to obesity and T2DM.

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Section: Neurotransmittersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothalamic control of energy and glucose metabolism

Sisley

Sandoval

2011

Rev Endocr Metab Disord

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“…For instant, the eating of a palatable meal (a mash of chow and condensed milk) enhances the 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in samples of the lateral and the medial hypothalamus of normal rats ( Schwartz et al, 1989 , 1990 ; Mori et al, 1999 ). In line with these findings, application of a glucose solution (infusion or ingestion) elevates cerebral levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine ( Vahabzadeh et al, 1995 ; Yamauchi et al, 1995 ). In addition, a pharmacological mediated increase of the cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine level reduces food intake and body weight in animals ( Nielsen et al, 1992 ) and, most informatively, also in humans ( Ward et al, 1999 ).…”

Section: Sleep As a Freudian Drivementioning

confidence: 55%

On the Drive Specificity of Freudian Drives for the Generation of SEEKING Activities: The Importance of the Underestimated Imperative Motor Factor

Kirsch

Mertens

2018

Front. Psychol.

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Doubters of Freud’s theory of drives frequently mentioned that his approach is outdated and therefore cannot be useful for solving current problems in patients with mental disorders. At present, many scientists believe that affects rather than drives are of utmost importance for the emotional life and the theoretical framework of affective neuroscience, developed by Panksepp, strongly underpinned this view. Panksepp evaluated seven so-called command systems and the SEEKING system is therein of central importance. Panksepp used Pankseppian drives as inputs for the SEEKING system but noted the missing explanation of drive-specific generation of SEEKING activities in his description. Drive specificity requires dual action of the drive: the activation of a drive-specific brain area and the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Noticeably, as Freud claimed drive specificity too, it was here analyzed whether a Freudian drive can evoke the generation of drive-specific SEEKING activities. Special importance was addressed to the imperative motor factor in Freud’s drive theory because Panksepp’s formulations focused on neural pathways without specifying underlying neurotransmitter/endocrine factors impelling motor activity. As Panksepp claimed sleep as a Pankseppian drive, we firstly had to classified sleep as a Freudian drive by using three evaluated criteria for a Freudian drive. After that it was possible to identify the imperative motor factors of hunger, thirst, sex, and sleep. Most importantly, all of these imperative motor factors can both activate a drive-specific brain area and release dopamine from dopaminergic neurons, i.e., they can achieve the so-called drive specificity. Surprisingly, an impaired Freudian drive can alter via endocrinological pathways the concentration of the imperative motor factor of a second Freudian drive, obviously in some independence to the level of the metabolic deficit, thereby offering the possibility to modulate the generation of SEEKING activities of this second Freudian drive. This novel possibility might help to refine the general understanding of the action of Freudian drives. As only imperative motor factors of Freudian drives can guarantee drive specificity for the generation of SEEKING activities, the impact of Freud’s construct Eros (with its constituents hunger, thirst, sex, and sleep) should be revisited.

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