Amino acid profile of the peel of three citrus species and its effect on the combination of amino acids and fatty acids Chlorella vulgaris

Nateghpour, Behrooz; Kavoosi, Gholamreza; Mirakhorli, Neda

doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103808

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In the omega-6 pathway, 6-desaturase transforms linoleic acid into gamma-linolenic acid 24 . When the diet contains high linoleic acid (citrus peel oil) levels, placed in the Chlorella culture medium, ∆15-desaturase is involved in the biosynthesis of alpha-linolenic acid from linoleic acid 11 . In contrast, ∆6-desaturase is involved in the biosynthesis of gamma-linolenic acid from linoleic acid 11 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the diet contains high linoleic acid (citrus peel oil) levels, placed in the Chlorella culture medium, ∆15-desaturase is involved in the biosynthesis of alpha-linolenic acid from linoleic acid 11 . In contrast, ∆6-desaturase is involved in the biosynthesis of gamma-linolenic acid from linoleic acid 11 . Adding citrus peel oil to the culture medium of Chlorella leads to an acceptable production of omega-9, omega-6, omega-3, and nutritionally suitable omega-6/omega-3 ratio 26 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A mechanical pump aerated the culture after it passed through a 0.22 m filter. The microalgal cells were supplied with fatty acid (5.0 g/1000 ml) at the logarithmic phase (after 12 days), and the cultures were incubated for 4 days 11 . The biomasses from supplemented microalgal cultures were collected by centrifugation at the end of the stationary phase (after 17–18 days).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These objectives can be met by feeding microalgae with nutritive ingredients and promoting fatty acids 10 . An inexpensive and nutritious material is required to feed Chlorella in the pharmaceutical and food sectors and manufacture biofuels to encourage the synthesis of lipids and fatty acids for this purpose 11 . Citrus peel waste with a valuable nutritional quality could be one of the promising and inexpensive candidates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Manipulation of fatty acid profile and nutritional quality of Chlorella vulgaris by supplementing with citrus peel fatty acid

Jahromi

Koochi

Kavoosi

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Microalgae could be an excellent resource of functional and essential fatty acids. To achieve viable microalgal biomass production, mass cultivation of microalgae is required; however, the high cost of nutrients is the obstacle. An inexpensive and nutritious material is required to feed Chlorella vulgaris in the pharmaceutical and food sectors. Citrus peel waste with a valuable nutritional quality could be one of the promising and inexpensive candidates. In this study, the fatty acid extract from different citrus peels was used as the organic nutrient source for the cultivation of Chlorella. The proximate composition of bitter orange, sweet orange, grapefruit, and mandarin peels were determined, and their nutritional quality was evaluated. Total fatty acids from the citrus peel were prepared by acidic methanol hydrolysis and hexane extraction. Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to analyze the fatty acid composition and nutrient composition. Fatty acids from the citrus peels were added to the Chlorella culture medium to study their influences on biomass, lipid production, fatty acid profile, and nutritional quality of Chlorella. The most predominant citrus peel fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic, oleic, linolenic, and stearic acids. The citrus peels contain polyunsaturated, saturated, and monounsaturated fatty acids. The most unsaturated fatty acids were omega-6, omega-3, omega-9, and omega-7. The citrus peel had acceptable atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, omega-6/omega-3, peroxidizability, hypocholesterolemic, and nutritive value indices. The major fatty acids of Chlorella were palmitic, linoleic, oleic, alpha-linolenic, gamma-linolenic, 4,7,10,13-hexadecatetraenoic, palmitoleic, 7,10-hexadecadienoic, 7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic, lauric and 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acids. Chlorella contains polyunsaturated, saturated, and monounsaturated fatty acids. The most unsaturated fatty acids contain omega-6, omega-3, omega-9, and omega-7. Chlorella had acceptable atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, omega-6/omega-3, hypocholesterolemic, peroxidizability, and nutritive value indices. Supplementation of Chlorella with citrus peels fatty acid increases total biomass, lipid content, and nutritional quality of Chlorella. The present research shows that citrus peels have good nutritional quality and could be used for the inexpensive cultivation of Chlorella biomass with potential utility for food application.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Manipulation of fatty acid profile and nutritional quality of Chlorella vulgaris by supplementing with citrus peel fatty acid

Jahromi

Koochi

Kavoosi

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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show abstract

“…The oven temperature program was 80-250°C as follow: 80°C for four min, rise at 20°C/min to 140°C, grow at ten °C/min to 250°C, then hold at 250°C for 10 min. The types of fatty acids are determined by comparison the fragmentation patterns of the associated peaks with these suggested in the libraries of Wily and NIST 13 .…”

Section: Fatty Acid Pro Ling By Gc-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bee Propolis, Bee Bread, and Royal Jelly: Proximate Analysis, Fatty Acid Composition, Nutritional Quality, and Anti-Amylase Activity

Fallah

Najafi

Kavoosi

2021

Preprint

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This work explores the proximate composition, fatty acid profile, nutritional quality, and anti-amylase activity of propolis, royal jelly, and bee bread. The differential FTIR patterns of propolis, royal jelly, and bee bread reflect these products have different proximate compositions and nutritional properties. The values for carbohydrate, fat, and protein values of be products are similar to egg and soya. The primary fatty acids bee bread and bee propolis are palmitic, linolenic, oleic, linoleic, myristic, and docosanoic acids. The primary fatty acids in royal jelly are 2-dodecenedioic, 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic, decanedioic, linoleic, 10-hydroxydecanoic acid 3-hydroxy-decanoic acids, respectively. The propolis, bee bread, and royal jelly have well-balanced saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, omega-3, and omega-6 fatty acids. Their nutritional quality, including omega-6/omega-3, thrombogenicity, atherogenicity, hypocholesterolemic, nutritional value, and peroxidizability indexes, are similar to egg and soya. Fatty acids inhibit amylase by increasing Km/Vmax and decreasing Vmax and Km through an un-competition or non-competition strategy. Molecular docking, ultraviolet absorption, and fluorescence quenching analysis reveal that fatty acids interact with amino acid residues of amylase through Van der Waals and hydrogen bonds interactions. Functional fatty acids from bee products can be used in a number of food supplements, food ingredients, and medications to provide carbohydrate-degrading enzymes.

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Growth of Chlorella Minutissima Microalgae from Fruit Waste Extract for Biodiesel Production

Kumari

Sahani

2023

Clean Energy Production Technologies

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Amino acid profile of the peel of three citrus species and its effect on the combination of amino acids and fatty acids Chlorella vulgaris

Cited by 32 publications

References 33 publications

Manipulation of fatty acid profile and nutritional quality of Chlorella vulgaris by supplementing with citrus peel fatty acid

Manipulation of fatty acid profile and nutritional quality of Chlorella vulgaris by supplementing with citrus peel fatty acid

Bee Propolis, Bee Bread, and Royal Jelly: Proximate Analysis, Fatty Acid Composition, Nutritional Quality, and Anti-Amylase Activity

Growth of Chlorella Minutissima Microalgae from Fruit Waste Extract for Biodiesel Production

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