Amino Acid Nutrition for Optimum Growth, Development, Reproduction, and Health of Zoo Animals

Herring, Cassandra M; Bazer, Fuller W.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_12

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…2,78,89-91 Additional benefits are improvements in growth, production performance, and food efficiency in livestock and companion animals, as well as the survival and expansion of extinct animals in the world. 2,31 Furthermore, because the current Institute of Medicine publication, which does not adopt the “ideal protein” concept for the requirements of humans for dietary AAs, ignores the requirements of humans for AASAs, 92 findings from farm and laboratory animals may have important implications for improving the nutrition of infants (particularly preterm babies), children, and adults (particularly the elderly).…”

Section: Optimal Ratios and Amounts Of All Proteinogenic Aas In Diets...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Values for cats 83 as well as carnivorous and omnivorous zoo animals 31 have also been proposed in recent years. Because the dynamic requirements of animals for dietary AAs are influenced by a plethora of factors as indicated previously, the data in Tables 5 and 6 as well as the literature 31,83 serve only as references to guide feeding practices and nutritional research. Diets should be formulated for animals on farms under their practical production conditions for optimum nutrient efficiencies.…”

Section: Optimal Ratios and Amounts Of All Proteinogenic Aas In Diets...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, such a fundamental knowledge had not received much attention from nutritionists until recent years. 3,11,13,26,[29][30][31] The traditional view that animals have no dietary requirements for NEAAs must be refuted in light of the new knowledge of AA biochemistry, nutrition and physiology. The term "NEAAs" has now been recognized as a misnomer in nutritional science 30 and, therefore, should be replaced by AAs that are synthesizable de novo in animal cells (AASAs).…”

Section: Concepts Of Nutritionally Essential Aas and Nonessential Aasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…26,37,60,75 With advances in our understanding of AA biochemistry and nutrition over the past three decades, Wu and coworkers have proposed optimal ratios and amounts of true digestible AAs in diets for swine (Table 5) and chickens (Table 6) during the different phases of their growth and production. Values for cats 83 as well as carnivorous and omnivorous zoo animals 31 have also been proposed in recent years. Because the dynamic requirements of animals for dietary AAs are influenced by a plethora of factors as indicated previously, the data in Tables 5 and 6 as well as the literature 31,83 serve only as references to guide feeding practices and nutritional research.…”

Section: Optimal Ratios and Amounts Of All Proteinogenic Aas In Diets...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The “ideal protein” concept is not ideal in animal nutrition

2022

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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Amino acids (AAs) are required for syntheses of proteins and low-molecular-weight substances with enormous physiological importance. Since 1912, AAs have been classified as nutritionally essential amino acids (EAAs) or nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) for animals. EAAs are those AAs that are either not synthesized or insufficiently synthesized de novo in the organisms. It was assumed that all NEAAs (now known as AAs that are synthesizable in animal cells de novo [AASAs]) were formed sufficiently in animals and were not needed in diets. However, studies over the past three decades have shown that sufficient dietary AASAs (e.g. glutamine, glutamate, glycine, and proline) are necessary for the maximum growth and optimum health of pigs, chickens, and fish. Thus, the concept of “ideal protein” (protein with an optimal EAA pattern that precisely meets the physiological needs of animals), which was originally proposed in the 1950s but ignored AASAs, is not ideal in animal nutrition. Ideal diets must provide all physiologically and nutritionally essential AAs. Improved patterns of AAs in diets for swine and chickens as well as zoo and companion animals have been proposed in recent years. Animal-sourced feedstuffs supply abundant EAAs and AASAs (including glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, 4-hydroxyproline, and taurine) for diets of swine, poultry, fish, and crustaceans to improve their growth, development, reproduction, and health, while sustaining global animal production. Nutritionists should move beyond the “ideal protein” concept to consider optimum ratios and amounts of all proteinogenic AAs in diets for mammals, birds, and aquatic animals, and, in the case of carnivores, also taurine.

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Section: Optimal Ratios and Amounts Of All Proteinogenic Aas In Diets...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Optimal Ratios and Amounts Of All Proteinogenic Aas In Diets...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Concepts Of Nutritionally Essential Aas and Nonessential Aasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Optimal Ratios and Amounts Of All Proteinogenic Aas In Diets...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The “ideal protein” concept is not ideal in animal nutrition

2022

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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“…Dietary protein and amino acids (AAs) are essential for the optimum health, growth, development, and survival of animals (Herring et al, 2021;Li et al, 2021b). As a basic AA in physiological body fluids, L-Arginine (Arg) is regarded as an essential amino acid (EAA) and functional AA for aquatic animals (Wu, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dietary arginine levels on growth performance, protein synthesis, antioxidant capacity and immunity of postlarval mud crab Scylla paramamosain

Wang²,

Li³

et al. 2022

Front. Mar. Sci.

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This study investigated the effects of different dietary arginine (Arg) levels on the growth, protein synthesis, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of postlarval mud crab Scylla Paramamosain. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain 1.51%, 1.81%, 2.16%, 2.35%, 2.73%, and 3.07% dietary Arg levels (dry matter). There were four replicates for each diet treatment (26 crabs per replicate, initial body weight: 7.40 ± 0.15 mg). After eight weeks of feeding trial, the survival and molting frequency (MF) of crabs were not affected by the experimental treatment (P>0.05). Crabs fed the 2.50% Arg diet achieved the highest weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) (P<0.05). The whole-body protein content of the 2.16% and 2.73% Arg groups were significantly higher than that of the 1.51% Arg group (P<0.05). Crabs in the 2.35% group obtained the highest levels of phenylalanine and leucine (P<0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activity in the 2.16%, 2.35% and 2.73% Arg groups were significantly higher than that in other treatments (P<0.05). Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity were not significantly affected by the treatments. The transcript levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf-1), rapamycinin (TOR), S6 kinase-polypeptide 1 (s6k1) in crabs fed with 2.16% and 2.35% dietary Arg were significantly higher than those in crabs fed with 1.51% and 3.07% dietary Arg (P<0.05). The lowest prophenoloxidase (proPO), relish, and lysozyme transcript levels were observed in crabs fed the 1.51% dietary Arg. The current study founded that the Arg requirement for postlaval S.paramamosain was 2.34% (5.20% of the dietary protein), based on the second order polynomial regression analysis of WG.

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Linking management practices with survival to improve outcomes for a red wolf population

Lynch

Kendall

2023

J Wildl Manag

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Ex situ breeding programs serve as an important conservation tool for threatened and endangered species. Such programs must strike a balance among the immediate welfare needs of individual animals, growing the population, maintaining genetic diversity, and ensuring a successful release. While several carnivores have been successfully reintroduced into the wild from ex situ populations, little is known regarding the long-term effects of management practices on animals within such reintroduction programs. We evaluated the effects of different management practices on survival for red wolves (Canis rufus), an endangered species in North America for which >95% of the population remains under human care and destined for release, as of 2020. We combined studbook records and survey information on the population of red wolves under managed care in Association of Zoos and Aquariums institutions. We aimed to assess age-specific survival probabilities and causes of mortality as outcomes of various management practices within the red wolf breeding program. Large enclosures significantly reduced the risk of death by parental trauma for neonates and transferring wolves away from their natal group improved overall survival probabilities. In addition, exposure to the public positively correlated with survival. We recommend large enclosures (>929 m 2 ) for breeding pairs, consistent transfer plans away from natal groups, and the incorporation of flexible approaches to management based on strategic planning of releases. Improving ex situ breeding programs is important to the welfare and survival of animals under human care and plays an important role in the

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Amino Acid Nutrition for Optimum Growth, Development, Reproduction, and Health of Zoo Animals

Cited by 16 publications

References 103 publications

The “ideal protein” concept is not ideal in animal nutrition

The “ideal protein” concept is not ideal in animal nutrition

Effect of dietary arginine levels on growth performance, protein synthesis, antioxidant capacity and immunity of postlarval mud crab Scylla paramamosain

Linking management practices with survival to improve outcomes for a red wolf population

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