Amine Activation of 41° F. Butadiene-Styrene Copolymerization

Spolsky, Roman; Williams, Howard

doi:10.1021/ie50489a042

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(8 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Simons and Pearlson,2 FowIer3a and Haszeldine and Smith3b have measured the free surface energies of a number of fluorocarbons. Their values tend to be somewhat higher than the more precise measurements of Rohrback and Cady. 4 Although the free surface energies of these compounds are generally the lowest known, they are not unique from the standpoint of the Eotvos equation 7(M/p)!/. = K(T" -T - 6) which predicts their surface tension fairly well from molecular weight, density and critical temperature.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Chemistry of Fluorocarbons and their Derivatives

Scholberg¹,

Guenthner²,

Coon³

1953

J. Phys. Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Chemistry of Fluorocarbons and their Derivatives

Scholberg¹,

Guenthner²,

Coon³

1953

J. Phys. Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Whitby and others (27) found that polyethylenepolyamines with traces of iron were effective activators in the absence of dextrose. Spolsky confirmed this (26) and showed that ferrous iron and dextrose could be used to modify the effectiveness of the polyethylenepolyamine activators. Kolthoff and Meehan have published similar types of recipes, the veroxazine (9) and the sodium sulfide (lO)-activated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 73%

Amines as Activators for Polymerization of Butadiene and Acrylonitrile in Emulsion

Fordham¹,

Williams²

1955

Ind. Eng. Chem.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…by the amount of ferrous sulphate used, the other ingredients remaining in equimolar ratio. Greater detail will be found in two earlier papers (41,42) and others from this laboratory (4,39,48 For personal use only.…”

Section: Caivadian Journal Of C H E X I S T R Y 10lmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These lists include many of the above conlpounds also. T h e use of anlines, sugars, and ferrous iron mixed has been shown to be a versatile and effective system (4,48).…”

Section: Caivadian Journal Of C H E X I S T R Y 10lmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Alpha-Ketols in the Low-Sugar Redox Recipe for Low Temperature Emulsion Copolymerization

Orr¹,

Williams²

1951

Can. J. Chem.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

I t was found.that the induced deconlposition of peroxy co~llpounds c o~~l d lead to faster rates of polymerization or practical rates of polymerization a t lower tcmperat~tres. In Germany polymerization recipes were developed containing a pefosy conlpound in the oil phase, a reducer in the aqueous phase and a metal carrler. 'This idea was transferred to America after the war and became the basis of the present recipes used i n the production of cold rubbers. As reducers the most comn~only used appear to be digested d-glucose or a n excess of ferrous iron but recently the polyamines and other amine conipounds have been found to be quite effective. 'The mixture of anline and sugar was better than either alone. I t has been shown that this mixture will function in the presence of reactive monomers such a s acrylonitrile. The role of such reducers is of considerable interest so t h a t further studies were undertaken. The results obtained may be illustrated by acetoin. .4s the amount of acetoin is increased in the recipe the arnount of ferrous iron required for maximal conversion in a given time 1s decreased. This is because a t higher than the optimal amounts, although the reaction rate is still increasing, the catalyst system is rapidly exhausted so that the reaction dies a t a lower conversion. T h e data can be explained by assuming formation of free radicals by the induced decomposition of the peroxide either by the acetoin, the ferrous iron, or a co~nplex between the iron and acetoin. This free radical then initiates polymerization. T h e acetoin free radical residue can induce the further decon~position of the peroside or possibly can reduce ferric iron to ferrous. Other con~pounds yield similar results. IntroductionSome of the earliest studies of activated polymerization reactions are those of Stewart (49,50,51,52,53) in which redox catalysts con~posed of a polymerization initiator, a heavy metal, and a phosphate or polyphosphate such as pyrophosphate or fructose diphosphate, an organic acid, or a polyhydroxy conlpound such as dextrose. E. I. du Pant de Nemours and Co. patented similar systems (44).The German work developed the desirable combination of an oil soluble peroxy conlpound and a water soluble reducer in combination with a heavy metal carrier to a high degree. These results were summarized by Weidlein (63) who mentioned the system benzoyl peroxide -ferrous fatty acids -sorbosesodium pyrophosphate. Later several publications appeared in Germany (17, 18,19,20,21,31,33) describing their earlier work and several in the United States describing the studies there which were stimulated by the earlier report (63).Wall and Swoboda (62) attempted to formulate the reactions of such a system. Some credence to their postulate could be given when such highly

show abstract

Amine Activation of 41° F. Butadiene-Styrene Copolymerization

Cited by 16 publications

References 6 publications

Surface Chemistry of Fluorocarbons and their Derivatives

Surface Chemistry of Fluorocarbons and their Derivatives

Amines as Activators for Polymerization of Butadiene and Acrylonitrile in Emulsion

The Role of Alpha-Ketols in the Low-Sugar Redox Recipe for Low Temperature Emulsion Copolymerization

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About