Ameyuki-san: Japanese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century America

Ichioka, Yuji

doi:10.17953/amer.4.1.h1543r885t12668p

Cited by 20 publications

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“…The majority of the earliest immigrant Chinese and Japanese women were tricked or sold into sexual slavery (Ichioka, 1977). In 1860 and 1870, 85% and 71%, respectively, of the Chinese women in San Francisco were prostitutes (Yung, 1991).…”

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confidence: 99%

The psychology of Asian American women.

Root

1995

Bringing Cultural Diversity to Feminist Psychology: Theory, Research, and Practice.

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The racial legacy of Asian Americans in the United States has made the declaration of identity much like a competition between two mothers: race and nation (Thornton, 199215). This tension creates a dynamic of change. However, the Asian American woman also must struggle with loyalty to a "third mother,'' gender, which has often rendered her a secondclass citizen even within her own family.Compared with only 20 years ago, the Asian American woman is less defined by the men in her life (i.e., her father, her partner, her sons, or by traditional familial roles). The Asian American woman cannot be characterized by a single description; she is represented by more than 30 different ethnic groups that vary in religious and philosophical orientations, matriarchal versus patriarchal organization, and language. She may be an immigrant, refugee, or American born, first generation or fifth generation.Several colleagues contributed to the development of this chapter with interesting conversations and critiques of an earlier draft. I especially thank

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confidence: 99%

The psychology of Asian American women.

Root

1995

Bringing Cultural Diversity to Feminist Psychology: Theory, Research, and Practice.

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“…Before the occupation, there were also sexualized images of “Oriental” women in the United States that developed from the image of Chinese and Japanese prostitutes on the Pacific Coast during the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century (Peffer :Ch. 7, 8; Ichioka ; Lee :89–91). However, the image of “Oriental” women was sexualized and mysterious but not necessarily associated with availability.…”

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The Vestiges of the U.S. Occupation and the Redefining of the Japanese Woman

Endo¹

2015

J Historical Sociology

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This article addresses the construction of Japanese womanhood toward the end of the U.S. occupation of Japan (1945)(1946)(1947)(1948)(1949)(1950)(1951)(1952). In the early 1950s, the Japanese people were conscious about independence and envisioned a new, positive image of the nation. However, the actual image was overtly sexualized by the presence of numerous women consorting with U.S. servicemen during the occupation. This article explores how the Japanese government attempted to eliminate any sexualized elements from Japan. While focusing on Japanese women who had relationships with foreign men and mixed-blood children, I argue that they served as the "Other" in redefining post-occupation femininity. ***** In 1951, the Japanese government signed the San Francisco Peace Treaty.1 The signing of this treaty virtually signified the end of the U.S. occupation and the beginning of Japan's independence. As Japan was about to reenter the international arena as a newly independent country, its people were envisioning a new image of the nation that was distinct from its militaristic past and the U.S. occupation: a new, democratic, and cultured nation. In actuality, however, the whole nation was sexualized with the presence of a large number of panpan, or postwar unlicensed female sex workers serving Allied servicemen. This sexualized image was highly inappropriate for the reborn country when it attempted to receive recognition by the international community. In the early 1950s, the Japanese government realized that it was necessary to eliminate not only the panpan but also the spread of panpan's influence on a large segment of Japan. To this end, two groups in particular appeared to be sexualized along with the panpan, and became the target of criticism. One of them was Japanese women who had relationships with foreign men, and the other was mixed-blood children of the occupation.

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“…Even as wage earners, strikers, and organizers of voluntary associations, immigrant women receive spotty coverage in this book. There is little on domestic service or prostitution, although these are topics that have received some attention from students of immigrant women since the late 1970s (Ichioka, 1977;Rosen and Davidson, 1977;Hirata, 1979;Bristow, 1983. On domestic servants, see Katzman, 1978;Glenn, 1980 andDiner, 1983).…”

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The Transplanted:Women and Family in Immigrant America

Gabaccia¹

1988

Social Science History

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As any casual reader of John Bodnar’s major new synthesis, The Transplanted (1985), knows, the family is the central analytical concept in this work. Bodnar (1985: xvii) asks us to see immigrants’ adjustment to life in the United States in a new way—taking place at all “the points where immigrant families met the challenges of capitalism and modernity: the homeland, the neighborhood, the school, the workplace, the church, the family and the fraternal hall.” This represents a significant change—I would argue, an advance—over earlier studies which focused on the confrontation of ethnic groups with American society, on the interaction of modern and traditional cultures, or on the peculiarities of American class struggle (Handlin, 1951; Archdeacon, 1983; Cumbler, 1986).By focusing on small family units and a large economic system, Bodnar is able to escape from the confines of the case history, which has dominated immigration history since the late 1960s. Furthermore, he is able to focus quite properly on the considerable fragmentation that characterized most immigrant communities in the United States. Because small groups of immigrants responded to capitalism, they inevitably made differing decisions, both socially and ideologically; they also supported leaders with fundamentally conflicting views of the best interests and futures for immigrant communities. Bodnar’s immigrants, in other words, are human beings who make history, although never under conditions which they themselves determined. Furthermore, they are not isolated economist decision makers.

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Ameyuki-san: Japanese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century America

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

The psychology of Asian American women.

The psychology of Asian American women.

The Vestiges of the U.S. Occupation and the Redefining of the Japanese Woman

The Transplanted:Women and Family in Immigrant America

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