“…For Pakistan, which has experienced a higher frequency of floods in recent years, it is evident that there is a critical need for an advanced system to detect floods in advance and accurately map flood-prone areas. Artificial Intelligence [4,5], in particular machine learning (clustering [6,7] and classification) and deep learning [8,9], have played an important role in identification of diseases [10][11][12], flood detection and warning systems, and in many other allied fields [13][14][15]. Such a system enables authorities to proactively relocate people to safer locations, reducing the impact of floods on vulnerable communities.…”