American Neuroscience in the Twentieth Century

Magoun, H. W.; Marshall, Louise H.

doi:10.1201/b16985

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Also, he gave credit to Brown's work with Schäfer at the University College, London, stating, "… it is extraordinarily appropriate that this subject should be presented to the Chicago Neurological Society." 4,17 Klüver came to Chicago and started working with Bucy in the early 1930s. By that time Brown had died.…”

Section: The Schäfer-ferrier Feudmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sanger Brown and Edward Schäfer before Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy: their observations on bilateral temporal lobe ablations

Vannemreddy

Stone

2017

Neurosurgical Focus

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Fifty years before a report on the complete bitemporal lobectomy syndrome in primates, known as the Klüver-Bucy syndrome, was published, 2 talented investigators working at the University College in London, England—neurologist Sanger Brown and physiologist Edward Schäfer—also made this discovery. The title of their work was “An investigation into the functions of the occipital and temporal lobes of the monkey’s brain,” and it involved excisional brain surgery in 12 monkeys. They were particularly interested in the then-disputed primary cortical locations relating to vision and hearing. However, following extensive bilateral temporal lobe excisions in 2 monkeys, they noted peculiar behavior including apparent loss of memory and intelligence resembling “idiocy.” These investigators recognized most of the behavioral findings that later came to be known as the Klüver-Bucy syndrome. However, they were working within the late-19th-century framework of cerebral cortical localizations of basic motor and sensory functions.Details of the Brown and Schäfer study and a glimpse of the neurological thinking of that period is presented. In the decades following the pivotal work of Klüver and Bucy in the late 1930s, in which they used a more advanced neurosurgical technique, tools of behavioral observations, and analysis of brain sections after euthanasia, investigators have elaborated the full components of the clinical syndrome and the extent of their resections.Other neuroscientists sought to isolate and determine the specific temporal neocortical, medial temporal, and deep limbic structures responsible for various visual and complex behavioral deficits. No doubt, Klüver and Bucy’s contribution led to a great expansion in attention given to the limbic system’s role in action, perception, emotion, and affect—a tide that continues to the present time.

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Section: The Schäfer-ferrier Feudmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sanger Brown and Edward Schäfer before Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy: their observations on bilateral temporal lobe ablations

Vannemreddy

Stone

2017

Neurosurgical Focus

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“…Gerard’s interests had long been focused very firmly on the nervous system, and in 1930, this led him to invite to his home in Chicago “everyone working on nerve who was present at the meeting of the American Physiological Society, that year” (Gerard, 1975). This became the “Axonologist group” (Gerard, 1975; Magoun and Marshall, 2003), which at first included Philip Bard, George Holman Bishop, Hallowell Davis, Joseph Erlanger, Wallace Osgood Fenn, Alexander Forbes, Herbert Spencer Gasser, Ralph Stayner Lillie, Grayson Prevost McCouch, Francis Otto Schmitt and, later, many others (including Kenneth Stewart “Kacy” Cole).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, in the mid-1930s, the American axonologists were already displaying some amount of hubris. Conscious that their field had been elevated “to a position of dominance in physiology” (Magoun and Marshall, 2003), they “almost strutted the corridors” (Marshall, 1987). According to Hodgkin (1977), they were also “thoroughly skeptical both of the membrane theory in general and of the local circuit theory [of nerve conduction] in particular.” Both of these hypotheses had been espoused by the plant physiologists for action current propagation in the giant plant cells (Osterhout and Hill, 1930; Osterhout, 1931, 1934) in line with Ralph Stayner Lillie’s proposals for the mechanism of impulse conduction in protoplasm and in inorganic models (for an extensive historical and topical review, see Lillie, 1922).…”

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confidence: 99%

The glass micropipette electrode: A history of its inventors and users to 1950

Bretag

2017

Journal of General Physiology

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“…Or is the analysis of moral matters irreducibly tied to a common-sense approach to cause and effect? The brain and its components have been implicated in consciousness from the time of the ancient Greeks (Khoshbin & Khoshbin, 2007;Magoun, 2003). Having settled on the brain as the organ responsible for animating the body, scientists, after hundreds of years of gross anatomical exploration, did little more than fuel fanciful theories.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Descartes, looking for the respective loci of brain and mind, settled on the pineal gland as the likely candidate for housing the soul/mind (Khoshbin & Khoshbin, 2007;Schoonover, 2010). Locke, on the other hand, believed the mind-brain issue to be out of reach (Magoun, 2003). The romanticization of the pineal gland continued into the 20th Century.…”

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confidence: 99%

Head, Examined: Clarence Darrow's X-Ray Vision of Criminal Responsibility

Weiss¹

2011

The Journal of Psychiatry & Law

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Shortly after Roentgen's discovery of X-rays and their application to human imaging, the legal profession began to use the technology in litigation. Though the use of brain imaging did not find its way into formal arguments about criminal responsibility early in its evolution, such an analysis has been sought. 19th Century attempts to connect "pathological anatomy" to behavior were mostly disappointing. In 1924, the celebrated murder trial of Leopold and Loeb in Chicago became an early example of the use of scientific testimony that included radiographic exhibits. The penalty-phase decision to spare the defendants' lives was not based on scientific arguments. Sixty years later, the trial of John Hinckley included admission of CT scans to aid psychiatric testimony. Using excerpts from the expert reports and testimony, this article examines the nature and purpose of scientific evidence pertaining to blameworthiness. The author concludes that improvements in neuroimaging will continue to force a dialog between science and the law.

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American Neuroscience in the Twentieth Century

Cited by 8 publications

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Sanger Brown and Edward Schäfer before Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy: their observations on bilateral temporal lobe ablations

Sanger Brown and Edward Schäfer before Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy: their observations on bilateral temporal lobe ablations

The glass micropipette electrode: A history of its inventors and users to 1950

Head, Examined: Clarence Darrow's X-Ray Vision of Criminal Responsibility

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