American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) as a Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals with Pro-Health Properties

Abstract

Panax quinquefolium L. (American Ginseng, AG) is an herb characteristic for regions of North America and Asia. Due to its beneficial properties it has been extensively investigated for decades. Nowadays, it is one of the most commonly applied medical herbs worldwide. Active compounds of AG are ginsenosides, saponins of the glycosides group that are abundant in roots, leaves, stem, and fruits of the plant. Ginsenosides are suggested to be primarily responsible for health-beneficial effects of AG. AG acts on the nervous system; it was reported to improve the cognitive function in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, display anxiolytic activity, and neuroprotective effects against neuronal damage resulting from ischemic stroke in animals, demonstrate anxiolytic activity, and induce neuroprotective effects against neuronal damage in ischemic stroke in animals. Administration of AG leads to inhibition of hypertrophy in heart failure by regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mice as well as depletion of cardiac contractile function in rats. It also has an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity potential as it increases insulin sensitivity and inhibits formation of adipose tissue. AG displays anti-cancer effect by induction of apoptosis of cancer cells and reducing local inflammation. It exerts antimicrobial effects against several pathogenic strains of bacteria. Therefore, AG presents a high potential to induce beneficial health effects in humans and should be further explored to formulate precise nutritional recommendations, as well as to assess its value in prevention and therapy of some disorders, including cancer.

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“…Ginseng root has been used for over 2000 years due to its health-promoting properties. Over the last few years, it has persistently been placed on the top ten of selling herbs in the United States [100,101].…”

“…The most commonly used Ginseng species are Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng) and Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) [101,102]. In addition, ginseng derivatives may vary in chemical composition depending on the chosen plant extract, root age, growth location, harvest season and drying method.…”

“…In addition, ginseng derivatives may vary in chemical composition depending on the chosen plant extract, root age, growth location, harvest season and drying method. The ginseng species are all made up of ginsenosides, polysaccharides, peptides, polyacetylenic alcohol, and fatty acids [101,102].…”

“…Ginsenosides demonstrate an ability to target a myriad of tissues, producing an array of pharmacological responses although their exact mechanism in not well-known [103]. Different hypotheses regarding ginseng's mechanisms of action have been proposed: (1) ginseng may slow food digestion by a decrease in carbohydrate absorption rate into the portal circulation in liver [100,101]; (2) ginseng can either modify nitric oxide (NO)-mediated glucose transport or contribute to the modulation of the insulin secreted by NO mediation [100,101] and (3) ginseng may interfere in the inflammatory pathway in both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent manners [62].…”

“…There are very few known ginseng adverse effects and the most common ones are nervousness and excitation, which may be reduced by prolonged use or dosage reduction [100,101].…”