American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land (1948): Its Long-Range Impact

Abstract

Abstract:The American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory of Australia was sponsored by the National Geographic Society and the Smithsonian Institution in the United States and the Commonwealth Government of Australia. During 1948, two anthropologists, an archaeologist, four biological scientists and three health and nutrition experts, with two photographers and three support staff, spent eight months studying the ecology of this infertile, monsoonal landscape to learn how the present-day Aborigines who had arrived between 3500 and 5000 years ago -displacing the first hunter-gatherers, the Mimi, who arrived some 53,000 to 60,000 years before -were able to survive throughout the year.The Gondwanan origins of the heathy flora of the sandstones, the grassy eucalypt forests and woodlands on the lateritic earths, the monsoonal rainforests, the wetland and coastal plant communities -with vegetation structures similar to those in southern Australia -inspired long-term research on the physico-chemical processes (aerodynamic, water relations and mineral nutrition) that determine the structure, growth and biodiversity of plant formations throughout Australia.The cooperative research that was fostered between the United States and Australia during the 1948 Arnhem Land Expedition has continued over the last sixty years in the Fulbright Program, the UNESCO Arid Zone Research Programme, the International Biological Programme (especially in the Arid Zone Biome, the Grassland Biome, the Mediterranean-climate Biome, the Heathland Biome, the Wet-Dry Tropical Biome and Rainforest Biome Programs), the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and, since the 1990s, the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme to tackle Global Warming.Keywords: Anthropology, archaeology, rock-art, hunter-gatherers, nutrition, biodiversity, ecosystem-research, Fulbright Program, International Biological Programme (IBP), IUCN, Global Warming (IGBP). THE AMERICAN-AUSTRALIAN SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION TO ARNHEM LANDThe National Geographic reporter/photographer, Howell Walker, was located in Darwin in 1941-42 (Walker 1942. He broke a limb and was sent south the day before the Japanese air raid on Darwin, In Washington, D.C., the National Geographic (under the Director, Dr Gilbert Grosvenor) invited Monty to lead a small National Geographic Expedition to Arnhem Land (Fig. 1). The Expedition was to be financed by the accumulated profits from sales of the National Geographic Magazine in Australia -money that, just after the Second World War, could not be transferred back to the United States. Members of the Expedition were Mountford (leader, ethnologist), Howell Walker (National Geographic reporter), an archaeologist and a zoologist from the Smithsonian. In August 1946, Ray Specht of the Botany Department, University of Adelaide, was invited as botanist/ecologistwithout pay.In January 1947, the Expedition of five specialists was postponed for a year to allow scientists from the Smithsonian Institution to survey t...

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