Ameliorative Sexual Behavior and Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitory Effects of Spondias mangifera Fruit Extract in Rodents: In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Study

Abstract

The ethanolic extracts of Spondias mangifera fruit (SMFE) were evaluated for aphrodisiac activity. The in-vitro phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibition was assessed based on in-silico molecular docking and simulation studies. In addition, the in-vivo sexual behavior was analyzed in the form of mount (MF, ML), intromission (IF, IL), and ejaculation (EF, EL) frequencies and latencies to validate the in-vitro results. Some biochemical parameters, including PDE-5, nitric oxide, and testosterone, were also observed. The above extract constituted β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, and oleanolic acid and showed tremendous binding with phosphodiesterase-5 and sildenafil. Both the sildenafil and ethanolic extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg/d bodyweight) significantly (p < 0.1, p < 0.05) increased MF, IF, and EF, respectively. In contrast, ML and IL significantly (p < 0.1) decreased, and EL significantly (p < 0.1) increased compared with a normal group of animals. The ethanolic extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg/d bodyweight) and sildenafil further significantly (p < 0.05, p < 0.1) diminished PDE-5 activity significantly (p < 0.05, p < 0.1) and enhanced nitric oxide and testosterone levels, as compared with normal rodents. Therefore, the S. mangifera ethanolic extract might be a valuable alternate aphrodisiac for erectile dysfunction.

Antihyperglycemic Potential of Spondias mangifera Fruits via Inhibition of 11β-HSD Type 1 Enzyme: In Silico and In Vivo Approach

“…The fruits and aerial parts contain a variety of phytoconstituents, such as daucosterol, cycloartanone-24-methylene, β-sitosterol, β-amyrin, lignoceric acid, dausterol, and oleanolic acid. In addition, it has fewer beneficial compounds such as galloylgeranin, alanine, niacin, and riboflavin [ 21 ]. The current examination was conducted to assess the anti-diabetic properties of the ethanolic fruit extract of S. mangifera by in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies.…”

“…It was filtered using cotton and then re-extracted to exhaust the bioactive constituents of the fruits thoroughly. After the second filtration, both the filtrates were combined and concentrated to get a sticky mass of S. mangifera fruit extract (SMFE) under reduced pressure on a rotatory evaporator at a temperature of 40 °C [ 21 ].…”

The Structural, Biological, and In-Silico Profiling of Novel Capryloyl Tetra-Glucoside and Aliphatic Ester Constituents from the Abutilon indicum Offers New Perspectives on the Treatment of Pain and Inflammation

“…Molecular docking methods are frequently employed to compute the binding affinities of a range of ligands [ 30 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. The structure of the isolated molecules was drawn in a chem sketch and shown to possess high energy.…”

Evaluating the Aphrodisiac Potential of Mirabilis jalapa L. Root Extract: Phytochemical Profiling and In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Assessments in Normal Male Rats

“…After an incubation period of 10 min at ambient temperature, the sample's optical density was measured utilizing a SpectraMax L microplate luminometer (MDS AT (US) Inc., Stuart, FL, USA). The resultant data was displayed as a percentage in relation to the control and was documented in the form of relative light units (RLUs) [42].…”