Amebic encephalitis

Mayer, Peter L.; Larkin, Julie A; Hennessy, Jill M

doi:10.4103/2152-7806.80115

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“… 19 Amoebic encephalitis has a mortality rate of over 90% with no established effective treatments, although there may be some potential options for certain organisms, 19 – 22 and is often a post-mortem pathological diagnosis. 11 , 20 Imaging diagnosis is difficult, but our review of the findings in published case reports revealed some “typical” features such as hypointensity on T 1 weighted MRI, hyperintensity on T 2 weighted MRI, contrast enhancement, haemorrhage, oedema and mass effects, but these are not definitive and were not observed in all cases. Furthermore, differential diagnoses such as encephalitis from a different pathogen (viral, bacterial, etc.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Amoebic encephalitis: case report and literature review of neuroimaging findings

Lukies¹,

Watanabe²,

Maeda³

et al. 2016

BJR|case Reports

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We present a fatal case of amoebic encephalitis due to Acanthamoeba spp. in an immunosuppressed male. Amoebic encephalitis can be a diagnostic challenge as clinical features are non-specific and imaging findings resemble other more common diagnoses such as tumours, haemorrhage or encephalitis from other causes. Here, we present the diagnostic imaging findings in this case and review the reported imaging findings in other cases throughout the literature.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Amoebic encephalitis: case report and literature review of neuroimaging findings

Lukies¹,

Watanabe²,

Maeda³

et al. 2016

BJR|case Reports

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“…Most published cases have used multiple drug combinations with varying success. [ 1 2 4 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 20 23 ] A review of the English language literature for cases of CNS infection with Acanthamoeba diagnosed antemortem since 2000 and which described treatment protocols is summarized in Table 1 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acanthamoeba encephalitis: A Case Report and Review of Therapy

Zamora¹,

Henderson²,

Swiatlo³

2014

Surg Neurol Int

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Background:Acanthamoeba is a rare cause of encephalitis yet is associated with high mortality. Treatment protocols vary greatly and generally include combination therapy across a wide spectrum of antiinfective classes.Case Description:A 63-year-old male who underwent renal transplantation presented 6 months after transplantation with depressed level of consciousness. Imaging of the head with computerized tomography showed an enhancing lesion suspicious for brain abscess. Biopsy of the lesion showed Acanthamoeba cysts. The patient was treated with sulfadiazine, fluconazole, flucytosine, azithromycin, and miltefosine but without success. We review recently published cases of Acanthamoeba encephalitis with an emphasis on treatment protocols and outcomes.Conclusion:Free-living protozoans such as Acanthamoeba are ubiquitous in the environment and should be suspected in immunosuppressed persons who present with central nervous system findings and brain abscess. Biopsy is critical to establish the etiology so that appropriate combination therapy can be deployed.

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“…The appearance correlates with intense inflammation caused by trophozoites at histopathologic examination that leads to extensive necrosis and hemorrhage, findings frequently noted in postmortem whole brain sections (109). Ring-enhancing lesions in the brain have been reported in Acanthamoeba infections (114). Ranjan et al (100) described a case of Acanthamoeba infection in an interhemispheric ependymal cyst.…”

Section: Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitismentioning

confidence: 96%

Bacterial, Fungal, and Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation and Historical Perspectives:From the Radiologic Pathology Archives

Shih¹,

Koeller²

2015

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116

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Despite remarkable progress in prevention and treatment, infectious diseases affecting the central nervous system remain an important source of morbidity and mortality, particularly in less-developed countries and in immunocompromised persons. Bacterial, fungal, and parasitic pathogens are derived from living organisms and affect the brain, spinal cord, or meninges. Infections due to these pathogens are associated with a variety of neuroimaging patterns that can be appreciated at magnetic resonance imaging in most cases. Bacterial infections, most often due to Streptococcus, Haemophilus, and Neisseria species, cause significant meningitis, whereas the less common cerebritis and subsequent abscess formation have well-documented progression, with increasingly prominent altered signal intensity and corresponding contrast enhancement. Atypical bacterial infections are characterized by the development of a granulomatous response, classically seen in tuberculosis, in which the tuberculoma is the most common parenchymal form of the disease; spirochetal and rickettsial diseases are less common. Fungal infections predominate in immunocompromised hosts and are caused by yeasts, molds, and dimorphic fungi. Cryptococcal meningitis is the most common fungal infection, whereas candidiasis is the most common nosocomial infection. Mucormycosis and aspergillosis are characterized by angioinvasiveness and are associated with high morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients. In terms of potential exposure in the worldwide population, parasitic infections, including neurocysticercosis, toxoplasmosis, echinococcosis, malaria, and schistosomiasis, are the greatest threat. Rare amebic infections are noteworthy for their extreme virulence and high mortality. The objective of this article is to highlight the characteristic neuroimaging manifestations of bacterial, fungal, and parasitic diseases, with emphasis on radiologic-pathologic correlation and historical perspectives.

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Amebic encephalitis

Cited by 13 publications

References 10 publications

Amoebic encephalitis: case report and literature review of neuroimaging findings

Amoebic encephalitis: case report and literature review of neuroimaging findings

Acanthamoeba encephalitis: A Case Report and Review of Therapy

Bacterial, Fungal, and Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation and Historical Perspectives:From the Radiologic Pathology Archives

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