Abstract:Introduction and Objectives
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the standard technique for managing large renal calculi. Second-look PCNL is typically performed under intravenous (IV) sedation or spinal / general anesthesia when removing remnant stones. This requires additional pre-anesthesia assessment and close monitoring. To simplify this procedure, we investigated the feasibility and safety of second-look PCNL without anesthesia and sheath after maturation of the nephrostomy tract.
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