Amblyopic Suppression: Passive Attenuation, Enhanced Dichoptic Masking by the Fellow Eye or Reduced Dichoptic Masking by the Amblyopic Eye?

Zhou, Jiawei; Reynaud, Alexandre; Yao, Zehan; Liu, Rong; Feng, Lei; Zhou, Yifeng; Hess, Robert F.

doi:10.1167/iovs.18-24206

Cited by 49 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…The appearance of this strong suppression actually results from the reduced excitatory drive from the amblyopic eye, altering the excitatory/inhibitory balance at the local circuit level (74). Moreover, the imbalance of interocular suppression that is evident psychophysically (75)(76)(77)(78)(79), such that the amblyopic eye is more strongly suppressed by the dominant eye than vice versa, is reflected in asymmetric suppression of inputs to binocularly activated neurons in V1 (80). Finally, a recent study shows that correlated firing patterns among populations of neurons driven by the amblyopic and fellow eye of strabismic amblyopes are different (81).…”

Section: Neural Correlates Of Amblyopiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the development of amblyopia using macaque monkey models

Kiorpes

2019

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Amblyopia is a sensory developmental disorder affecting as many as 4% of children around the world. While clinically identified as a reduction in visual acuity and disrupted binocular function, amblyopia affects many low- and high-level perceptual abilities. Research with nonhuman primate models has provided much needed insight into the natural history of amblyopia, its origins and sensitive periods, and the brain mechanisms that underly this disorder. Amblyopia results from abnormal binocular visual experience and impacts the structure and function of the visual pathways beginning at the level of the primary visual cortex (V1). However, there are multiple instances of abnormalities in areas beyond V1 that are not simply inherited from earlier stages of processing. The full constellation of deficits must be taken into consideration in order to understand the broad impact of amblyopia on visual and visual–motor function. The data generated from studies of animal models of the most common forms of amblyopia have provided indispensable insight into the disorder, which has significantly impacted clinical practice. It is expected that this translational impact will continue as ongoing research into the neural correlates of amblyopia provides guidance for novel therapeutic approaches.

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Section: Neural Correlates Of Amblyopiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the development of amblyopia using macaque monkey models

Kiorpes

2019

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Amblyopic individuals experience deficits in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity (particularly at higher spatial frequencies), abnormal binocular interactions, and depth perception (e.g., McKee et al, 2003; for reviews, see Birch, 2013;Kiorpes, 2006;Levi, 2006Levi, , 2013Levi et al, 2015;Wong, 2012). Amblyopes also experience other monocular and binocular abnormalities such as distorted visual space perception (Barrett et al, 2003;Lagrèze & Sireteanu, 1991;Mansouri et al, 2009;Popple & Levi, 2000), weakened perception of second-order form (Mansouri et al, 2005;Wong et al, 2001), crowding (see Bonneh et al 2007;Greenwood et al, 2012;Levi, 2008), and interocular suppression (see Harrad & Hess, 1992;Hess et al, 2010;Huang et al, 2012;Mansouri et al, 2008;Narasimhan et al, 2012;Zhou et al, 2018). Beyond these losses, amblyopes also show deficits in higher-order perception that impact their ability to parse a visual scene.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention in visually typical and amblyopic children

Ramesh

Steele²,

Kiorpes

2020

Journal of Vision

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Amblyopia is a cortical visual disorder caused by unequal visual input to the brain from the two eyes during development. Amblyopes show reduced visual acuity and contrast sensitivity and abnormal binocularity, as well as more "global" perceptual losses, such as figure-ground segregation and global form integration. Currently, there is no consensus on the neural basis for these higher-order perceptual losses. One contributing factor could be that amblyopes have deficiencies in attention, such that the attentional processes that control the selection of information favor the better eye. Previous studies in amblyopic adults are conflicting as to whether attentional deficits exist. However, studies where intact attentional ability has been shown to exist were conducted in adults; it is possible that it was acquired through experience. To test this hypothesis, we studied attentional processing in amblyopic children. We examined covert endogenous attention using a classical spatial cueing paradigm in amblyopic and visually typical 5-to 10-year old children. We found that all children, like adults, independently of visual condition, benefited from attentional cueing: They performed significantly better on trials with an informative (valid) cue than with the uninformative (neutral) cue. Response latencies were also significantly shorter for the valid cue condition. No statistically significant difference was found between the performance of the amblyopic and the visually typical children or between dominant and nondominant eyes of all children. The results showed that covert spatial attention is intact in amblyopic and visually typical children and is therefore not likely to account for higher-order perceptual losses in amblyopic children.

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“…The binocular visual deficit in amblyopia has been receiving more recognition, 5,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26] namely, the role of interocular suppression from the fellow eye to the amblyopic eye. 5,20,22,23,27,28 The importance of interocular suppression has been well documented in various binocular spatial visual processes, including binocular phase combination, 5,7 binocular contrast combination, 23 binocular global form integration, 29 and binocular rivalry. 30 These binocular visual deficits have been studied using suprathreshold visual stimuli.…”

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confidence: 99%

Abnormal Monocular and Dichoptic Temporal Synchrony in Adults with Amblyopia

Tao

Gong

et al. 2019

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Citation: Tao C, Wu Y, Gong L, et al. Abnormal monocular and dichoptic temporal synchrony in adults with amblyopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60:4858-4864. https://doi.org/ 10.1167/iovs.19-27893 PURPOSE. We investigate temporal synchrony within one eye and between both eyes in adults with amblyopia. (range, 19.88-27.81 years old; median, 22.86 years old) and 12 age-matched adults with normal vision (range, 21.2-50.30 years old; median, 23.78 years old) participated in the experiment. We showed two pairs of Gaussian blobs flickering at 1 Hz as visual stimuli, one pair with the same temporal phase modulation (i.e., the reference) and another pair with a distinct temporal phase (i.e., the signal). We employed the constant stimuli method to measure the minimum degree of temporal phase (temporal synchrony threshold), at which participants were able to discriminate the signal pair under binocular, monocular, and dichoptic viewing configurations. METHODS. Eight adult amblyopesRESULTS. The temporal synchrony threshold was different across the six configurations (P ¼ 0.001). There was also an interaction between the configuration and the group (P ¼ 0.004). The synchrony threshold was significantly higher in amblyopes than in controls under the configurations where two pairs of blobs were presented to the amblyopic eye (136.52 6 50.19 vs. 97.08 6 22.02 ms, P ¼ 0.027) and where the paired blobs were presented to different eyes (163.15 6 80.85 vs. 111.61 6 22.46 ms, P ¼ 0.049). The visual deficits in these two configurations were significantly correlated (r ¼ 0.824, P ¼ 0.012).CONCLUSIONS. The threshold for detecting temporal asynchrony increased when the stimuli were presented only to the amblyopic eye and when they were dichoptically presented to the amblyopic and fellow eyes.

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Amblyopic Suppression: Passive Attenuation, Enhanced Dichoptic Masking by the Fellow Eye or Reduced Dichoptic Masking by the Amblyopic Eye?

Abstract: We conclude that the reduced dichoptic masking by the amblyopic eye, within the context of normally balanced interocular inhibition, produces the amblyopic suppression at mid to low frequencies.

Cited by 49 publications

References 27 publications

Understanding the development of amblyopia using macaque monkey models

Understanding the development of amblyopia using macaque monkey models

Attention in visually typical and amblyopic children

Abnormal Monocular and Dichoptic Temporal Synchrony in Adults with Amblyopia

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