Amblyopia: New molecular/pharmacological and environmental approaches

Stryker, Michael P.; Löwel, Siegrid

doi:10.1017/s0952523817000256

Cited by 34 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 101 publications

(166 reference statements)

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“…6C). This is in line with a large body of evidence suggesting that limited cortical plasticity in adults prevents recovery from amblyopia after the correction of refractive errors (10,20,21). Furthermore, it predicts that therapies reinstating visual cortex plasticity should be effective.…”

Section: Early But Not Late Refractive Correction Rescues Binocular Vsupporting

confidence: 80%

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Active efficient coding explains the development of binocular vision and its failure in amblyopia

Eckmann

Klimmasch

Shi

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The development of vision during the first months of life is an active process that comprises the learning of appropriate neural representations and the learning of accurate eye movements. While it has long been suspected that the two learning processes are coupled, there is still no widely accepted theoretical framework describing this joint development. Here, we propose a computational model of the development of active binocular vision to fill this gap. The model is based on a formulation of the active efficient coding theory, which proposes that eye movements as well as stimulus encoding are jointly adapted to maximize the overall coding efficiency. Under healthy conditions, the model self-calibrates to perform accurate vergence and accommodation eye movements. It exploits disparity cues to deduce the direction of defocus, which leads to coordinated vergence and accommodation responses. In a simulated anisometropic case, where the refraction power of the two eyes differs, an amblyopia-like state develops in which the foveal region of one eye is suppressed due to inputs from the other eye. After correcting for refractive errors, the model can only reach healthy performance levels if receptive fields are still plastic, in line with findings on a critical period for binocular vision development. Overall, our model offers a unifying conceptual framework for understanding the development of binocular vision. efficient coding | active perception | amblyopia | vergence | accommodation Author contributions: S.

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Section: Early But Not Late Refractive Correction Rescues Binocular Vsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Although there have been recent advances in the treatment of amblyopia (20,21), existing treatment methods do not lead to satisfactory outcomes in all patients. This is aggravated by the fact that treatment success strongly depends on the stage of neural circuit maturation (20).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Active efficient coding explains the development of binocular vision and its failure in amblyopia

Eckmann

Klimmasch

Shi

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…6C ). This is in line with a large body of evidence suggesting that limited cortical plasticity prevents recovery from amblyopia after the correction of refractive errors (10,20,21). Furthermore, it predicts that therapies reinstating visual cortex plasticity should be effective.…”

Section: Early But Not Late Refractive Correction Rescues Binocular Vsupporting

confidence: 80%

Active Efficient Coding Explains the Development of Binocular Vision and its Failure in Amblyopia

Eckmann

Klimmasch

Shi

et al. 2019

Preprint

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The development of vision during the first months of life is an active process that comprises the learning of appropriate neural representations and the learning of accurate eye movements. While it has long been suspected that the two learning processes are coupled, there is still no widely accepted theoretical framework describing this joint development. Here we propose a computational model of the development of active binocular vision to fill this gap. The model is based on a new formulation of the Active Efficient Coding theory, which proposes that eye movements, as well as stimulus encoding, are jointly adapted to maximize the overall coding efficiency. Under healthy conditions, the model self-calibrates to perform accurate vergence and accommodation eye movements. It exploits disparity cues to deduce the direction of defocus, which leads to coordinated vergence and accommodation responses. In a simulated anisometropic case, where the refraction power of the two eyes differs, an amblyopia-like state develops, in which the foveal region of one eye is suppressed due to inputs from the other eye. After correcting for refractive errors, the model can only reach healthy performance levels if receptive fields are still plastic, in line with findings on a critical period for binocular vision development. Overall, our model offers a unifying conceptual framework for understanding the development of binocular vision under healthy conditions and in amblyopia. efficient coding | active perception | amblyopia | vergence | accommodation

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“…Nevertheless, a growing body of evidence suggests that critical period‐like plasticity can be induced in the adult visual cortex (Stryker & Löwel, ), either by pharmacological (Maya Vetencourt et al, ; Pizzorusso et al, ) or environmental manipulations, such as environmental enrichment (Greifzu et al, ) or dark exposure (Erchova, Vasalauskaite, Longo, & Sengpiel, ; He, Hodos, & Quinlan, ; Stodieck, Greifzu, Goetze, Schmidt, & Löwel, ). The detailed mechanisms through which these manipulations increase neuronal plasticity are still concealed, although it is clear that both the excitatory and the inhibitory circuits of the visual cortex are affected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, a growing body of evidence suggests that critical period-like plasticity can be induced in the adult visual cortex (Stryker & Löwel, 2018), either by pharmacological (Maya Vetencourt et al, 2008;Pizzorusso et al, 2002) or environmental manipulations, such as environmental enrichment or dark exposure (Erchova, Vasalauskaite, Longo, & Sengpiel, 2017;He, Hodos, & Quinlan, 2006;Stodieck, Greifzu, Goetze, Schmidt, & Löwel, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dark exposure affects plasticity‐related molecules and interneurons throughout the visual system during adulthood

Carceller

Guirado

Nácher

2019

J of Comparative Neurology

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Several experimental manipulations, including visual deprivation, are able to induce critical period‐like plasticity in the visual cortex of adult animals. In this regard, many studies have analyzed the effects of dark exposure in adult animals, but still little is known about the role of interneurons and plasticity‐related molecules on such mechanisms. In this study, we analyzed the effects of 10 days of dark exposure on the connectivity and structure of interneurons, both in the primary visual cortex and in the rest of cerebral regions implicated in the transmission of visual stimulus. We found that this environmental manipulation induces changes in the expression of synaptic molecules throughout the visual pathway and in the structure of interneurons in the primary visual cortex. Moreover, we found altered expression in the polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule and in perineuronal nets surrounding parvalbumin expressing interneurons, suggesting that these plasticity‐related molecules may be involved in the changes produced by dark exposure. Together, our findings indicate that dark exposure produces an important alteration of inhibitory circuits and molecules related to their plasticity, not only in the visual cortex but throughout the visual pathway.

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Amblyopia: New molecular/pharmacological and environmental approaches

Cited by 34 publications

References 101 publications

Active efficient coding explains the development of binocular vision and its failure in amblyopia

Active efficient coding explains the development of binocular vision and its failure in amblyopia

Active Efficient Coding Explains the Development of Binocular Vision and its Failure in Amblyopia

Dark exposure affects plasticity‐related molecules and interneurons throughout the visual system during adulthood

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