Ambiguous changes in photosynthetic parameters of Lemna minor L. after short-term exposure to naproxen and paracetamol: Can the risk be ignored?

Issues of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Aquatic Environments: A Review Study

“…While their primary purpose is the treatment of diseases and the recovery of humans and animals, their presence in the environment can cause adverse effects on non-target organisms [29][30][31]. It has been demonstrated that NSAID representatives pose a health risk to birds, freshwater fish, mollusks, plants, algae, and bacteria due to their effects [20,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. Another issue is the potential formation of metabolites from the original drug form.…”

“…For DICL, the proven negative effects include extreme toxicity to vultures [30]; toxicity to phytoplankton [31], river biofilm communities [29], and broilers [35]; damage to the kidneys, liver, gills, testes, brain, and DNA in fish [20,31]; cardiac anomalies and cardiovascular defects in freshwater fish [34]; chronic effects on fish (reduced hatching, delayed hatching, reduced growth in the egg stage); cytological changes and tissue damage in freshwater fish [29]; and impact on the immune system and genotoxic effects [33]. Similarly to IBU, NAP also acts toxically on phytoplankton [31] and causes damage to the kidneys, liver, and gills in freshwater fish [20,31], additionally affecting the growth and photosynthetic processes of plants [32]. KET, like IBU and DICL, causes cardiac anomalies and cardiovascular defects in freshwater fish, affects the immune system, and has genotoxic effects [33,34,36].…”