“…PAN is easily decomposed under high temperatures (Seinfeld & Pandis, 2006), while O 3 production rate increases with temperature (Sillman & Samson, 1995). In a conventional view, the winter PAN levels are low due to weak solar radiation (G. Zhang et al, 2014), and in summer, observed PAN pollution events are usually accompanied by O 3 pollution episodes (B. Zhang et al, 2017). However, recent studies in China found that PAN concentrations on winter haze days could be as high as those observed in summer photochemical smog (Liu et al, 2018; Qiu, Ma, et al, 2019; G. Zhang, Xia, et al, 2020; B. Zhang et al, 2019), suggesting potential contributions from unfavorable meteorological conditions and local photochemical reactions (Qiu, Ma, et al, 2019; J. Zhang, Guo, et al, 2020).…”