Ambient Light Conveying Reliability Improves Drivers’ Takeover Performance without Increasing Mental Workload

Figalová, Nikol; Chuang, Lewis L.; Pichen, Jürgen; Baumann, Martin; Pollatos, Olga

doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0346.v1

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…This effect was observed using both self-report and psychophysiological measures. The learning effect can be considered as the main factor in the overall decrease of MW [41]. Our results suggest that the task was equally demanding for drivers irrelevant to the ambient light, and imply that the ambient light could support drivers and convey information without increasing MW.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Most researchers jointly report that an increased mental workload (MW) leads to a decrease in parietal alpha power [36][37][38][39], and that alpha waves are associated with relaxation and tend to increase in states of lower alertness, and mental vigilance [40,41]. Frontal theta power was reported to increase with increasing MW [36,37,[42][43][44]; however, the findings in frontal theta power are less consistent.…”

Section: Measuring Driver's Cognitive Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ambient Light Conveying Reliability Improves Drivers’ Takeover Performance without Increasing Mental Workload

Figalová

Chuang

Pichen³

et al. 2022

MTI

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Drivers of L3 automated vehicles (AVs) are not required to continuously monitor the AV system. However, they must be prepared to take over when requested. Therefore, it is necessary to design an in-vehicle environment that allows drivers to adapt their levels of preparedness to the likelihood of control transition. This study evaluates ambient in-vehicle lighting that continuously communicates the current level of AV reliability, specifically on how it could influence drivers’ take-over performance and mental workload (MW). We conducted an experiment in a driving simulator with 42 participants who experienced 10 take-over requests (TORs). The experimental group experienced a four-stage ambient light display that communicated the current level of AV reliability, which was not provided to the control group. The experimental group demonstrated better take-over performance, based on lower vehicle jerks. Notably, perceived MW did not differ between the groups, and the EEG indices of MW (frontal theta power, parietal alpha power, Task–Load Index) did not differ between the groups. These findings suggest that communicating the current level of reliability using ambient light might help drivers be better prepared for TORs and perform better without increasing their MW.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Measuring Driver's Cognitive Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient Light Conveying Reliability Improves Drivers’ Takeover Performance without Increasing Mental Workload

Figalová

Chuang

Pichen³

et al. 2022

MTI

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“…While reliability is one of the most prevalent feature in our analysis, it is not part of the current acceptance models. We thus chose to present it as an expression of effort expectancy as unreliable technologies increase the effort needed to use them (Figalová et al, 2022). Anxiety is a variable of TAM3 (Rondan-Cataluña et al, 2015; Venkatesh et al, 2012) and is used in our analysis to capture fears related to the use of technology.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Informing existing Technology Acceptance Models: A qualitative Study with older Persons and Caregivers

Felber,

Lipworth,

Tian

et al. 2023

Preprint

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New technologies can help older persons age in place and support their caregivers. However, they need to be accepted by the end-users to do so. Technology acceptance models, such as TAM and UTAUT and their extensions, use factors like performance expectancy and effort expectancy to explain acceptance. Furthermore, they are based on quantitative methods. Our qualitative study investigates factors fostering and hindering acceptance among older persons and their caregivers for a variety of assistive technologies, including wearables, ambient sensors at home with and without cameras and social companion robots. The goal of this paper is twofold: On the one hand, it investigates the factors of technology acceptance models in a qualitative setting. On the other hand, it informs these models with aspects currently overlooked by them. The results reveal that performance expectancy and effort expectancy are relevant for acceptance. We also find that reliability, anxiety around technology and different social aspects have an influence on acceptance of assistive technology in aged care for all end-user groups. Our findings can be used to update current technology acceptance models and provide in-depth knowledge about the currently used factors.

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“…However, Shi et al showed that directional tactile interfaces resulted in shorter reaction times when the TOR lead time was higher [29]. Furthermore, Figalova et al suggested that ambient light describing current automation status and reliability increased take-over performance without increasing mental workload [30]. The results of Wu et al suggest that steering cues should be given to the driver to reduce steering reaction time and improve take-over safety [31].…”

Section: B Modalities and Stimuli Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assisted Partial Take-Over in Conditionally Automated Driving: A User Study

Gruden,

Sodnik,

Jakus

2023

IEEE Access

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This paper discusses the concept of take-over (TO) in conditionally automated vehicles. Most of the current studies consider TO as a discrete event that is completed when the driver takes full control of the vehicle. Two problems with this approach are that the driver 1) needs time to gain sufficient situational awareness and 2) sometimes takes over only the lateral or only the longitudinal coordination of the vehicle, neglecting the other. To overcome these two problems and increase the quality (effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction) of TO, we propose two new approaches to the take-over process: partial take-overs (PTO) and assisted take-overs (ATO). The proposed PTO approach allows the driver to take over only the lateral or longitudinal coordination of the vehicle separately, instead of assuming a full TO. With ATO, the driver is monitored even after taking control of the vehicle and is assisted with automatic soft braking as well as additional warning and emergency braking if the time to collision falls below the appropriate critical levels. The approaches were evaluated in a user study with 44 participants in a driving simulator. We were able to confirm that the proposed ATO approach significantly improves the TO quality in terms of both effectiveness and efficiency without compromising driver satisfaction. Contrary to our expectations, the PTO approach did not have a significant effect on the effectiveness of TO, but only provided significantly lower reaction time to first braking and longer time to lane crossing. When combined, ATO and PTO were at least as useful as either approach individually and should be considered in future TOR user interfaces.

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Ambient Light Conveying Reliability Improves Drivers’ Takeover Performance without Increasing Mental Workload

Cited by 5 publications

References 44 publications

Ambient Light Conveying Reliability Improves Drivers’ Takeover Performance without Increasing Mental Workload

Ambient Light Conveying Reliability Improves Drivers’ Takeover Performance without Increasing Mental Workload

Informing existing Technology Acceptance Models: A qualitative Study with older Persons and Caregivers

Assisted Partial Take-Over in Conditionally Automated Driving: A User Study

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