Ambient Gas Concentrations and Personal Particulate Matter Exposures

Sarnat, Jeremy A.; Brown, Kathleen Ward; Schwartz, Joel; Coull, Brent A.; Koutrakis, Petros

doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000155505.04775.33

Cited by 192 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…A recent study comparing ambient concentrations at this site with personal exposures in Boston has shown a high longitudinal correlation (Sarnat et al 2005) between the two measurements; the study also reported that PM 2.5 concentrations were spatially homogeneous over the Boston area. This suggests that our use of ambient concentrations is reasonable and the resulting exposure error is likely to be nondifferential.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Particulate Air Pollution, Oxidative Stress Genes, and Heart Rate Variability in an Elderly Cohort

Chahine¹,

Baccarelli

Litonjua

et al. 2007

Environ Health Perspect

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157

120

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Background and objectivesWe have previously shown that reduced defenses against oxidative stress due to glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) deletion modify the effects of PM2.5 (fine-particulate air pollution of < 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) on heart rate variability (HRV) in a cross-sectional analysis of the Normative Aging Study, an elderly cohort. We have extended this to include a longitudinal analysis with more subjects and examination of the GT short tandem repeat polymorphism in the heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX-1) promoter.MethodsHRV measurements were taken on 539 subjects. Linear mixed effects models were fit for the logarithm of HRV metrics—including standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), high frequency (HF), and low frequency (LF)—and PM2.5 concentrations in the 48 hr preceding HRV measurement, controlling for confounders and a random subject effect.ResultsPM2.5 was significantly associated with SDNN (p = 0.04) and HF (p = 0.03) in all subjects. There was no association in subjects with GSTM1, whereas there was a significant association with SDNN, HF, and LF in subjects with the deletion. Similarly, there was no association with any HRV measure in subjects with the short repeat variant of HMOX-1, and significant associations in subjects with any long repeat. We found a significant three-way interaction of PM2.5 with GSTM1 and HMOX-1 determining SDNN (p = 0.008), HF (p = 0.01) and LF (p = 0.04). In subjects with the GSTM1 deletion and the HMOX-1 long repeat, SDNN decreased by 13% [95% confidence interval (CI), −21% to −4%], HF decreased by 28% (95% CI, −43% to −9%), and LF decreased by 20% (95% CI, −35% to −3%) per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM.ConclusionsOxidative stress is an important pathway for the autonomic effects of particles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Particulate Air Pollution, Oxidative Stress Genes, and Heart Rate Variability in an Elderly Cohort

Chahine¹,

Baccarelli

Litonjua

et al. 2007

Environ Health Perspect

Self Cite

157

120

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show abstract

“…Although the effect of PM 2.5 remained significant after adjustment of SO 2 , its effect decreased and became statistically insignificant after adjustment for NO 2 ( Table 3). Given that our study used ambient pollutant concentrations as surrogates of personal exposure, the observed health effects attributed to NO 2 might actually be a result of exposures to fine particles (Sarnat et al 2001(Sarnat et al , 2005. At present, we cannot conclude that NO 2 is a proxy of PM 2.5 or the components Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

A time-stratified case-crossover study of fine particulate matter air pollution and mortality in Guangzhou, China

Yang

Peng

Huang

et al. 2011

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

104

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“…This may not be true in other locations or for other population cohorts. For example, recent analyses from our Boston exposure assessment study showed that ambient O 3 was significantly associated with corresponding personal exposures (Sarnat et al, 2005). Similarly, ambient O 3 concentrations were shown to be good surrogates for exposure to O 3 for children spending considerable time outdoors during summer camp (Brauer and Brook, 1997).…”

Section: àmentioning

confidence: 88%

Effects of exposure measurement error on particle matter epidemiology: a simulation using data from a panel study in Baltimore, MD

Schwartz

Sarnat

Coull

et al. 2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Ascertaining the true risk associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM) is difficult, given the fact that pollutant components are frequently correlated with each other and with other gaseous pollutants; relationships between ambient concentrations and personal exposures are often not well understood; and PM, unlike its gaseous co-pollutants, does not represent a single chemical. In order to examine differences between observed versus true health risk estimates from epidemiologic studies, we conducted a simulation using data from a recent multi-pollutant exposure assessment study in Baltimore, MD. The objectives of the simulation were twofold: (a) to estimate the distribution of personal air pollutant exposures one might expect to observe within a population, given the corresponding ambient concentrations found in that location and; (b) using an assumed true health risk with exposure to one pollutant, to estimate the distribution of health risk estimates likely to be observed in an epidemiologic study using ambient pollutant concentrations as a surrogate of exposure as compared with actual personal pollutant exposures. Results from the simulations showed that PM 2.5 was the only pollutant where a true association with its total personal exposures resulted in a significant observed association with its ambient concentrations. The simulated results also showed that true health risks associated with personal exposure to O 3 and NO 2 would result in no significant observed associations with any of their respective ambient concentrations. Conversely, a true association with PM 2.5 would result in a significant, observed association with NO 2 (b ¼ 0.0115, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.0056, 0.0185) and a true association with exposure to SO 4 2À would result in an observed significant association with O 3 (b ¼ 0.0035, 95% CI: 0.0021, 0.0051) given the covariance of the ambient pollutant concentrations. The results provide an indication that, in Baltimore during this study period, ambient gaseous concentrations may not have been adequate surrogates for corresponding personal gaseous exposures to allow the question to be investigated using central site monitors. Alternatively, the findings may suggest that in some locations, observed associations with the gaseous pollutants should be interpreted with caution, as they may be reflecting associations with PM or one of its chemical components.

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Ambient Gas Concentrations and Personal Particulate Matter Exposures

Abstract: Particle health effects studies that include both ambient PM2.5 and gaseous concentrations as independent variables must be analyzed carefully and interpreted cautiously, since both parameters may be serving as surrogates for PM2.5 exposures.

Cited by 192 publications

References 29 publications

Particulate Air Pollution, Oxidative Stress Genes, and Heart Rate Variability in an Elderly Cohort

Particulate Air Pollution, Oxidative Stress Genes, and Heart Rate Variability in an Elderly Cohort

A time-stratified case-crossover study of fine particulate matter air pollution and mortality in Guangzhou, China

Effects of exposure measurement error on particle matter epidemiology: a simulation using data from a panel study in Baltimore, MD

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