Ambient air particulate dry deposition, concentrations and ionic species study at Taichung Harbor near Taiwan Strait

Abstract

The characterization for watersoluble species of dry deposition flux, total suspended particulate (TSP), fine particle (particle matter with aerodynamical diameter 2.5 microm, PM2.5), coarse particle (particle matter with aerodynamical diameter 2.5-10 microm, PM(2.5-10)), and dry deposition velocity were studied at Taichung Harbor sampling sites of central Taiwan during February-August 2004. The average downward dry deposition flux, TSP, PM10 concentrations obtained in Taichung Harbor were about 0.51, 0.3, and 3.4 times more than those values obtained by traffic sampling site in central Taiwan. Average dry deposition velocity for mass, Cl-, NO3-, SO4(2-), Na+, NH4+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ were 9, 3.8, 0.3, 0.25, 0.46, 0.18, 0.51 and 2.28 cm respectively at the harbor sampling site. In general, average particle mass dry deposition velocity was about 1.8 times more than those values obtained at the traffic sampling site. Chemical analysis, also indicated that three major soluble inorganic species concentrations (sulfate+nitrate+ammonium) accounted for 59.8% and 80.6% of the PM2.5 and PM(2.5-10) mass concentrations, respectively at the Taichung Harbor sampling site.

Seasonal Variation and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in PM2.5 during Winter and Summer over Xi’an, China

“…The exposure dose from hand-mouth ingestion was much more than dermal contact and respiratory inhalation for both children and adults. Average daily exposure levels for children were higher than adults for each exposure pathway [46]. For non-cancer risk, the descending order of elements average daily exposure dose was Zn, Pb, As, Cr, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Cd for any exposure method.…”