Amazonian forest degradation must be incorporated into the COP26 agenda

Silva, Celso; Carvalho, Nathália S.; Pessôa, Ana Carolina Moreira; Reis, João Bosco Coura dos; Pontes‐Lopes, Aline; Doblas, Juan; Heinrich, Viola; Campanharo, Wesley Augusto; Alencar, Ane; Silva, Camila; Lapola, David M.; Armenteras, Dolors; Matricardi, Eraldo Aparecido Trondoli; Berenguer, Erika; Cassol, Henrique Luís Godinho; Numata, Izaya; House, Joanna I.; Ferreira, Joice; Barlow, Jos; Gatti, Luciana V.; Brando, Paulo M.; Fearnside, Philip M.; Saatchi, Sassan; Silva, Sonaira; Sitch, Stephen; Aguiar, Ana Paula Dutra; Silva, Carlos Antônio da; Vancutsem, Christelle; Achard, Frédéric; Rene, Beuchle; Shimabukuro, Yosio E.; Anderson, Liana O.; Aragão, Luiz E. O. C.

doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00823-z

Cited by 39 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Specifically, environmental policies targeting the Amazon have mainly focused on reducing deforestation. Yet deforestation control policies do not directly address other pressing ecological problems, such as forest degradation (caused by fires, selective logging and edge effects), which has become the main cause of socioenvironmental impoverishment in the territory and a significant source of CO 2 emissions (Silva Junior et al, 2021). Likewise, the command-and-control regulatory approach to land use change that prevails in most of the region not only failed to mitigate conflicts between development and conservation 6 ; it has also proven insufficient to promote the ecological restoration needed to connect fragmented forest landscapes and ensure the healthy functioning of ecosystems (Bustamante et al, 2019).…”

Section: The Root Causes Of the Amazon's Destruction And Fragmentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a transformative governance of the Amazon

Pereira

Terrenas

2022

Global Policy

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The crises of the Anthropocene can neither be confronted incrementally nor through short‐term, reductionist strategies. As the risk of severe, irreversible socioecological damage increases, transformative change towards achieving long‐term sustainability becomes ever‐pressing. Against this backdrop, we explore how transformative governance can help strengthen ecosystem resilience, empower vulnerable communities and ensure sustainable development in the Amazon. The article starts by briefly reviewing the concept of transformative governance, arguing that it provides an adequate framework for thinking about and responding to the challenges of the Anthropocene. It then looks at how extant governance practices are destroying and fragmenting the Amazon, eroding the resilience of regional ecosystems. It proceeds by investigating how the Andes–Amazon–Atlantic Corridor, a transnational project aligned with the normative commitments and operational principles of transformative governance, aimed at protecting, restoring and building socioecological connectivity in the region, can offer an alternative pathway for Amazonian development in the new geological epoch.

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Section: The Root Causes Of the Amazon's Destruction And Fragmentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a transformative governance of the Amazon

Pereira

Terrenas

2022

Global Policy

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“…Degradation CO 2 losses have a large impact on the national C emissions in tropical countries, e.g. comparable to those of deforestation in Brazil [ 82 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With careful ground-truthing, new remote-sensed biomass change products will be transformative in our ability to monitor and verify biomass change in the coming decade. We propose the following recommendations that could improve process-attribution using high-resolution EO and satellite-based observations of biomass change: Greater focus on degradation processes and their monitoring [ 82 ], using high to very high-resolution satellite data. These are not clearly accounted for in NGHGI reporting from most tropical countries, not represented in DGVMs (or poorly represented), and represented in an idealized manner in bookkeeping models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the use of Earth Observation to support estimates of national greenhouse gas emissions and sinks for the Global stocktake process: lessons learned from ESA-CCI RECCAP2

Bastos

Ciais

Sitch

et al. 2022

Carbon Balance Manage

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The Global Stocktake (GST), implemented by the Paris Agreement, requires rapid developments in the capabilities to quantify annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals consistently from the global to the national scale and improvements to national GHG inventories. In particular, new capabilities are needed for accurate attribution of sources and sinks and their trends to natural and anthropogenic processes. On the one hand, this is still a major challenge as national GHG inventories follow globally harmonized methodologies based on the guidelines established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, but these can be implemented differently for individual countries. Moreover, in many countries the capability to systematically produce detailed and annually updated GHG inventories is still lacking. On the other hand, spatially-explicit datasets quantifying sources and sinks of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from Earth Observations (EO) are still limited by many sources of uncertainty. While national GHG inventories follow diverse methodologies depending on the availability of activity data in the different countries, the proposed comparison with EO-based estimates can help improve our understanding of the comparability of the estimates published by the different countries. Indeed, EO networks and satellite platforms have seen a massive expansion in the past decade, now covering a wide range of essential climate variables and offering high potential to improve the quantification of global and regional GHG budgets and advance process understanding. Yet, there is no EO data that quantifies greenhouse gas fluxes directly, rather there are observations of variables or proxies that can be transformed into fluxes using models. Here, we report results and lessons from the ESA-CCI RECCAP2 project, whose goal was to engage with National Inventory Agencies to improve understanding about the methods used by each community to estimate sources and sinks of GHGs and to evaluate the potential for satellite and in-situ EO to improve national GHG estimates. Based on this dialogue and recent studies, we discuss the potential of EO approaches to provide estimates of GHG budgets that can be compared with those of national GHG inventories. We outline a roadmap for implementation of an EO carbon-monitoring program that can contribute to the Paris Agreement.

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“…Despite being widely explored for deforestation mapping, the application of remote sensing to monitor forest degradation still requires advances, especially due to the complexity of the nature of these processes [8]. Some studies show that emissions and the area impacted by forest degradation are underestimated [9] and exceed those by deforestation [10,11], and therefore should be incorporated in greenhouse gas emission reduction agreements [12]. Forest degradation includes forest fires, selective logging, drought, or any other event that results in the partial removal of forest cover [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change Detection of Selective Logging in the Brazilian Amazon Using X-Band SAR Data and Pre-Trained Convolutional Neural Networks

Kuck

Filho²,

Sano

et al. 2021

Remote Sensing

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It is estimated that, in the Brazilian Amazon, forest degradation contributes three times more than deforestation for the loss of gross above-ground biomass. Degradation, in particular those caused by selective logging, result in features whose detection is a challenge to remote sensing, due to its size, space configuration, and geographical distribution. From the available remote sensing technologies, SAR data allow monitoring even during adverse atmospheric conditions. The aim of this study was to test different pre-trained models of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for change detection associated with forest degradation in bitemporal products obtained from a pair of SAR COSMO-SkyMed images acquired before and after logging in the Jamari National Forest. This area contains areas of legal and illegal logging, and to test the influence of the speckle effect on the result of this classification by applying the classification methodology on previously filtered and unfiltered images, comparing the results. A method of cluster detections was also presented, based on density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN), which would make it possible, for example, to guide inspection actions and allow the calculation of the intensity of exploitation (IEX). Although the differences between the tested models were in the order of less than 5%, the tests on the RGB composition (where R = coefficient of variation; G = minimum values; and B = gradient) presented a slightly better performance compared to the others in terms of the number of correct classifications for selective logging, in particular using the model Painters (accuracy = 92%) even in the generalization tests, which presented an overall accuracy of 87%, and in the test on RGB from the unfiltered image pair (accuracy of 90%). These results indicate that multitemporal X-band SAR data have the potential for monitoring selective logging in tropical forests, especially in combination with CNN techniques.

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Amazonian forest degradation must be incorporated into the COP26 agenda

Cited by 39 publications

References 16 publications

Towards a transformative governance of the Amazon

Towards a transformative governance of the Amazon

On the use of Earth Observation to support estimates of national greenhouse gas emissions and sinks for the Global stocktake process: lessons learned from ESA-CCI RECCAP2

Change Detection of Selective Logging in the Brazilian Amazon Using X-Band SAR Data and Pre-Trained Convolutional Neural Networks

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