Amateurism, scientific control, and crime: historical fluctuations in anti-doping discourses in sport

Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the institutional mechanisms for combating doping in high-level sport, including the trend toward using legalistic frameworks, and how they contribute to notions of deviance. Design/methodology/approach A historical approach informed by recent criminological adaptations of genealogy was utilized, using primary and secondary sources. Findings Three time periods involving distinct frameworks for combating doping were identified, each with their own advantages and limitations: pre-1967, post-1967 up until the creation of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999, and post-1999. Originality/value This study contextualizes the recent legalistic turn toward combating doping in sport, bringing greater understanding to the limitations of present anti-doping practices.

Androstenedione (a Natural Steroid and a Drug Supplement): A Comprehensive Review of Its Consumption, Metabolism, Health Effects, and Toxicity with Sex Differences

“…Nowadays, licensed healthcare professionals and physicians often prescribe dietary supplements of androstenedione to counteract the effects of age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia) to improve lifespan as well as quality of life in older people [16]. However, the use of androstenedione in some individuals, including athletes, can cause an increase in the testosterone to epitestosterone ratio (T/E) above the International Olympic Committee (IOC) cut-off of 6 [17,18], which is likely to occur in men who take testosterone [19]. The reason behind the increase in the T/E ratio is an increase in urinary excretion of testosterone concurrent with a decrease in urinary excretion of epitestosterone [12].…”