Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in developing countries: prevalence, management, and risk factors

Kalaria, Raj N.; Maestre, Gladys E.; Arizaga, Raúl Luciano; Friedland, Robert P.; Galasko, Doug; Hall, Kathleen; Luchsinger, José A.; Ogunniyi, Adesola; Perry, Elaine K.; Potocnik, Felix; Prince, Martin; Stewart, Robert; Wimo, Anders; Zhang, Zhen Xin; Antuono, Piero

doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70169-8

Cited by 995 publications

(778 citation statements)

References 197 publications

(253 reference statements)

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“…One of the risks that often threaten the elderly with increasing age is dementia that cause the elderly to depend on others [32,33]. This is due to a decline in various cognitive functions of the elderly.…”

Section: Frequency (N=153) Percentage (%)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Family Role in Decision Making of Health Seeking Behavior on Elderly in Tabanan Regency, Bali, Indonesia

Nww¹,

Nlp²

2016

Epidemiology

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The increasing number of elderly population creates a change in population structure. This condition also supports the human life expectancy index. Consequently, the pattern of diseases also changes from infectious diseases to degenerative/chronic diseases. The elderly are particularly susceptible to various diseases due to the decline in their physic, mental and financial condition.In the developing countries, especially in Indonesia, they particularly live and depend upon the help from their family. In Bali, most of the elderly live with their son, daughter, and grandchildren. This particular study aimed at describing the role of the family in the decision-making in relation to the health seeking behavior of the elderly.The cross sectional study was carried out in the region of Tabanan. A systematic random sampling with a sample size of 153 samples was used. The age of respondents ranges from 60-80 years old. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Respondent were asked to fill out the informed consent from prior to complete the questionnaires. In a case where the respondents were illiterate, the family members' concerned consent will be asked.This study found that the percentage of the education level of low education level is 81.05% for most elderly living with a large family is 96.08%, where 54.90% were not working. The elderly that make a consultation with their families about their health condition is 69.28% and the choice of treatment determined by the family is 81.05%. It is shown that that there was no connection between the determination of the type of treatment to elderly people who are still working or not with PR 1.03 and CI (95%) 0.88-1.20.

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Section: Frequency (N=153) Percentage (%)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Family Role in Decision Making of Health Seeking Behavior on Elderly in Tabanan Regency, Bali, Indonesia

Nww¹,

Nlp²

2016

Epidemiology

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“…In clinical practice, patients with AD are not usually identified until the disease has progressed to an advanced stage of cognitive impairment. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease have a predicted increased incidence of 300% in the next 30 years due to an ever aging population, especially in developing countries (3). This has become a global concern and threatens to impact heavily both socially and economically (4)(5)(6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered cytological parameters in buccal cells from individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

et al. 2014

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Previous studies have shown that mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may be reflective of the early stages of more pronounced neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is a need for a minimally invasive and inexpensive diagnostic to identify those who exhibit cellular pathology indicative of MCI and AD risk so that they can be prioritized for primary preventative measures. The hypothesis was that a minimally invasive approach using cytological markers in isolated buccal mucosa cells can be used to identify individuals of both MCI and AD. An automated buccal cell assay was developed using laser scanning cytometry (LSC) to measure buccal cell type ratios, nuclear DNA content and shape, and neutral lipid content of buccal cells from clinically diagnosed AD (n 5 13) and MCI (n 5 13) patients prior to treatment compared to age-and gender-matched controls (n 5 26). DNA content was significantly higher in all cell types in both MCI (P < 0.01) and AD (P < 0.05) compared with controls mainly due to an increase in >2N nuclei. Abnormal nuclear shape (circularity) was significantly increased in transitional cells in MCI (P < 0.001) and AD (P < 0.01) when compared to controls. In contrast, neutral lipid content (as measured by Oil red O "ORO" staining) of buccal cells was significantly lower in the MCI group (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. The ratio of DNA content/ORO in buccal basal cells for both MCI and AD was significantly higher compared to the control group, with ratios for MCI being approximately 2.8-fold greater (P < 0.01) and AD approximately 2.3-fold greater (P < 0.05) than the control group. Furthermore, there was a strong negative correlation between buccal cell DNA content and ORO content in the AD group (r 2 5 0.75, P < 0.0001) but not in MCI or controls. The changes in the buccal cell cytome observed in this study could prove useful as potential biomarkers in identifying individuals with an increased risk of developing MCI and eventually AD. V C 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry

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“…fects around 25 million people worldwide (1,2). Although much is known about the pathophysiology of AD, there is still no cure or effective treatment capable of slowing the progression of the disease.…”

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confidence: 99%

Activation of D1/D5 Dopamine Receptors Protects Neurons from Synapse Dysfunction Induced by Amyloid-β Oligomers

Jürgensen

Antônio

Mussi

et al. 2011

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Soluble oligomers of the amyloid-␤ peptide (A␤Os) accumulate in the brains of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients and are implicated in synapse failure and early memory loss in AD. A␤Os have been shown to impact synapse function by inhibiting long term potentiation, facilitating the induction of long term depression and inducing internalization of both AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors, critical players in plasticity mechanisms. Because activation of dopamine D1/D5 receptors plays important roles in memory circuits by increasing the insertion of AMPA and NMDA receptors at synapses, we hypothesized that selective activation of D1/D5 receptors could protect synapses from the deleterious action of A␤Os. We show that SKF81297, a selective D1/D5 receptor agonist, prevented the reduction in surface levels of AMPA and NMDA receptors induced by A␤Os in hippocampal neurons in culture. Protection by SKF81297 was abrogated by the specific D1/D5 antagonist, SCH23390. Levels of AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 phosphorylated at Ser 845 , which regulates AMPA receptor association with the plasma membrane, were reduced in a calcineurin-dependent manner in the presence of A␤Os, and treatment with SKF81297 prevented this reduction. Establishing the functional relevance of these findings, SKF81297 blocked the impairment of long term potentiation induced by A␤Os in hippocampal slices. Results suggest that D1/D5 receptors may be relevant targets for development of novel pharmacological approaches to prevent synapse failure in AD. Alzheimer disease (AD)2 is the main cause of dementia among the elderly, and current estimates indicate that it affects around 25 million people worldwide (1, 2). Although much is known about the pathophysiology of AD, there is still no cure or effective treatment capable of slowing the progression of the disease. For this reason, development of novel pharmacological strategies for treatment is of critical importance.Considerable evidence indicates that soluble oligomers of the amyloid-␤ peptide (A␤Os) accumulate in the brains of AD patients and are responsible for synapse dysfunction and memory loss in AD (3-5). Among other deleterious actions, A␤Os impair synaptic plasticity, likely leading to memory loss at early stages of the disease. A␤Os have been shown to inhibit long term potentiation (LTP) (4, 6, 7), facilitate the induction of long term depression (LTD) (8, 9), induce internalization of , and increase activation of protein phosphatases, such as calcineurin and protein phosphatase-1 (9, 10, 15, 16), finally leading to spine loss (14).Dopamine receptors have been grouped into two families: D1-type and D2-type (17). The D1 family comprises D1 and D5 receptor subtypes, which are mostly coupled to G␣ s and stimulate production of the second messenger cyclic AMP, leading to activation of protein kinase A (PKA) (17). D1/D5 receptors play important roles in cognition, mediating plasticity and specific aspects of cognitive function, including working and spatial learning and memory processes (18). Stimulation of D...

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Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in developing countries: prevalence, management, and risk factors

Cited by 995 publications

References 197 publications

Family Role in Decision Making of Health Seeking Behavior on Elderly in Tabanan Regency, Bali, Indonesia

Family Role in Decision Making of Health Seeking Behavior on Elderly in Tabanan Regency, Bali, Indonesia

Altered cytological parameters in buccal cells from individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

Activation of D1/D5 Dopamine Receptors Protects Neurons from Synapse Dysfunction Induced by Amyloid-β Oligomers

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