Alzheimer’s disease: An exacerbation of senile phenoptosis

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline accompanied by degeneration of neuronal synapses, massive loss of neurons in the brain, eventually resulting in complete degradation of personality and death. Currently, the cause of the disease is not fully understood, but it is believed that the person's age is the major risk factor for development of Alzheimer's disease. People who have survived after cerebral stroke or traumatic brain injury have substantially increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Social exclusion, low social activity, physical inactivity, poor mental performance, and low level of education are among risk factors for development of this neurodegenerative disease, which is consistent with the concept of phenoptosis (Skulachev, V. P., et al. (1999) Biochemistry (Moscow), 64, 1418-1426; Skulachev, M. V., and Skulachev, V. P. (2014) Biochemistry (Moscow), 79, 977-993) stating that rate of aging is related to psychological and social aspects in human behavior. Here we assumed that Alzheimer's disease might be considered as an exacerbation of senile phenoptosis. If so, then development of this disease could be slowed using mitochondria-targeted antioxidants due to the accumulated data demonstrating a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress both with normal aging and Alzheimer's disease.

Immune abnormalities and differential gene expression in the hippocampus and peripheral blood of patients with Alzheimer’s disease

“…Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with primary clinical manifestations, including memory decline, cognitive impairment, and behavioral abnormalities (1). In 2018, AD was diagnosed in one individual every 3 seconds worldwide.…”

Ganoderma lucidum Triterpenoids (GLTs) Reduce Neuronal Apoptosis via Inhibition of ROCK Signal Pathway in APP/PS1 Transgenic Alzheimer’s Disease Mice

“…The NFTs are composed of amyloid fibrils, which are associated with synapse loss and neurodegeneration, and eventually lead to memory impairment and other cognitive problems [4]. The pathogenic causes linked with the incidence of AD include poor mental performance, traumatic brain injury, cerebral stroke, low social activity, age, social exclusion, and physical inactivity, and low education level [5]. There is an estimated 46.8 million people worldwide who suffered from AD or interrelated dementia disease in 2015, and the morbidity of AD throughout the world is anticipated to exceed 1.315 billion by year 2050 [6,7].…”

Exploring the Mechanism of Laminaria for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease based on Network Pharmacology

“…Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by impairment of memory, cognitive dysfunction and social disorders, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease [1]. According to Alzheimer's Disease International, dementia affects 50 million people worldwide, with a new case of dementia occurring somewhere in the world every 3 seconds.…”