Alzheimer Disease and Related Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: A Narrative Review of Screening, Prevention, and Management for Manual Therapy Providers

Rogers, Casey; Ayuso, Jaime; Hackney, Madeleine E.; Penza, Charles

doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2023.03.001

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disorder characterized by cognitive decline and two primary abnormalities: the accumulation of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles [1]. In recent years, many studies have highlighted the importance of the immune response in the brain and proposed neuroinflammation as the third primary feature of AD [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TNF-α Levels Are Increased in Patients with Subjective Cognitive Impairment and Are Negatively Correlated with β Amyloid-42

Serafini,

Ferretti,

Monterosso

et al. 2024

Antioxidants

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The role of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has recently become a topic of debate. TNF-α levels increase in the blood of patients with AD, and amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques contain TNF-α deposits. The therapeutic efficacy of blocking TNF-α in patients with AD remains controversial as it is mostly based on preclinical studies. Thus, whether and how TNF-α contributes to amyloidogenic processes in AD is still an open question to be addressed. We analyzed plasma TNF-α and Aβ42 levels in patients with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD, and in healthy volunteers (HLT). In addition, we performed correlation analysis to evaluate whether changes in plasma TNF-α levels correlate with cognitive decline, Aβ42 levels, age, and BMI, which are all factors considered to contribute to or predispose individuals to AD. We found that TNF-α and Aβ42 plasma levels were higher in patients with AD than in HLT individuals. High TNF-α levels were also observed in patients with SCI, in whom TNF-α and Aβ42 levels were negatively correlated. Notably, TNF-α did not affect the amyloidogenic pathway in human microglial cultures exposed to 48 h of incubation, although it did trigger neuroinflammatory processes. These results imply that high TNF-α levels are more likely to be a clinical condition linked to AD than are direct contributors. Nonetheless, elevated levels of TNF-α in early-stage patients, like those with SCI and MCI, may provide a distinguishing feature for identifying clinical profiles that are at risk of having a poorer outcome in AD and could benefit from tailored therapies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TNF-α Levels Are Increased in Patients with Subjective Cognitive Impairment and Are Negatively Correlated with β Amyloid-42

Serafini,

Ferretti,

Monterosso

et al. 2024

Antioxidants

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Artificial Intelligence’s Transformative Role in Illuminating Brain Function in Long COVID Patients Using PET/FDG

Rudroff

2024

Brain Sciences

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Cutting-edge brain imaging techniques, particularly positron emission tomography with Fluorodeoxyglucose (PET/FDG), are being used in conjunction with Artificial Intelligence (AI) to shed light on the neurological symptoms associated with Long COVID. AI, particularly deep learning algorithms such as convolutional neural networks (CNN) and generative adversarial networks (GAN), plays a transformative role in analyzing PET scans, identifying subtle metabolic changes, and offering a more comprehensive understanding of Long COVID’s impact on the brain. It aids in early detection of abnormal brain metabolism patterns, enabling personalized treatment plans. Moreover, AI assists in predicting the progression of neurological symptoms, refining patient care, and accelerating Long COVID research. It can uncover new insights, identify biomarkers, and streamline drug discovery. Additionally, the application of AI extends to non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which have shown promise in alleviating Long COVID symptoms. AI can optimize treatment protocols by analyzing neuroimaging data, predicting individual responses, and automating adjustments in real time. While the potential benefits are vast, ethical considerations and data privacy must be rigorously addressed. The synergy of AI and PET scans in Long COVID research offers hope in understanding and mitigating the complexities of this condition.

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Physiotherapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Case Report

Fatima,

Jyoti Dash,

Gupta

et al. 2024

Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation / Rehabilitacion Interdiscipli

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Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological condition characterized by brain changes resulting in the accumulation of specific proteins, leading to brain shrinkage and eventual cell death. It is the primary cause of dementia, resulting in a gradual decline in memory, cognition, behaviour, and social skills, impairing overall functionality. The case study involves an 84-year-old woman displaying symptoms of Alzheimer's disease requiring physiotherapy rehabilitation. Assessment reveals joint pain, abnormal gait, respiratory issues due to pneumonia, reduced balance and cognitive function, concentration difficulties, impaired decision-making, fluctuating moods, and behavioural issues such as depression and aggression. Physical examination shows shoulder shrugging and slight tension in the upper trapezius muscle. The rehabilitation program involves various interventions like stretching, strengthening, aerobic exercises, breathing exercises, lung clearance techniques, active range of motion exercises, postural control, and gait training. The role of the physiotherapist is to address the both physical and cognitive decline and improve mood and behaviour.

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Alzheimer Disease and Related Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: A Narrative Review of Screening, Prevention, and Management for Manual Therapy Providers

Cited by 3 publications

References 50 publications

TNF-α Levels Are Increased in Patients with Subjective Cognitive Impairment and Are Negatively Correlated with β Amyloid-42

TNF-α Levels Are Increased in Patients with Subjective Cognitive Impairment and Are Negatively Correlated with β Amyloid-42

Artificial Intelligence’s Transformative Role in Illuminating Brain Function in Long COVID Patients Using PET/FDG

Physiotherapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Case Report

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