Alveolar Ridge Augmentation with Three-Dimensional Printed Hydroxyapatite Devices: A Preclinical Study

3D-Printed Hydroxyapatite and Tricalcium Phosphates-Based Scaffolds for Alveolar Bone Regeneration in Animal Models: A Scoping Review

“…The included studies followed the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE 2.0) guidelines for quality assessment in this review [ 36 ]. The 10 selected articles were published between 2016 and 2021 and were conducted in the USA (n = 4) [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ], Taiwan (n = 2) [ 41 , 42 ], Korea (n = 2) [ 43 , 44 ], China (n = 1) [ 45 ] and Switzerland (n = 1) [ 46 ]. Table 1 and Table 2 summarize the details of the included studies using 3D HA-based and 3D TCP-based scaffolds.…”

“…Eight out of ten studies used large animal models, which were beagle dogs [ 43 , 44 , 46 ], canines [ 37 ] and rabbits [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 45 ], whereas the other two used small animal models, Sprague-Dawley rats, in their studies [ 41 , 42 ] ( Table 3 ). Tooth extraction of lower premolars and molars was carried out with a healing period of 6 to 12 weeks prior to defects’ preparation [ 37 , 43 , 46 ].…”

“…Eight out of ten studies used large animal models, which were beagle dogs [ 43 , 44 , 46 ], canines [ 37 ] and rabbits [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 45 ], whereas the other two used small animal models, Sprague-Dawley rats, in their studies [ 41 , 42 ] ( Table 3 ). Tooth extraction of lower premolars and molars was carried out with a healing period of 6 to 12 weeks prior to defects’ preparation [ 37 , 43 , 46 ]. Eight studies involved surgically created defects on the mandible [ 37 , 38 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ] and the remaining two studies were on the maxilla [ 39 , 40 ] to receive either 3D-printed HA-based or TCP-based bone scaffolds.…”

“…Tooth extraction of lower premolars and molars was carried out with a healing period of 6 to 12 weeks prior to defects’ preparation [ 37 , 43 , 46 ]. Eight studies involved surgically created defects on the mandible [ 37 , 38 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ] and the remaining two studies were on the maxilla [ 39 , 40 ] to receive either 3D-printed HA-based or TCP-based bone scaffolds.…”

“…Three studies reported a combination of four interventions: 3D-printed HA and RGD-functionalized alginate matrix (RAM) as a supplement [ 42 ], 3D-printed HA with additional features of microchannels or macro-channels with or without a screw [ 37 ] and 3D-printed TCP and calcium silicate porous bioceramics [ 45 ]. Six studies were designed to have negative control groups, which were unfilled or untreated bone defects [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ], and one positive control group [ 43 ].…”