Aluminium uptake and toxicity in plants

Jones, L. H.

doi:10.1007/bf01394642

Cited by 82 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Aluminate solutions (but not necessarily aluminate itself) are sometimes toxic (6,9,25, and this study), but the present study demonstrates that aluminate need not be toxic always (Figs. 5 [NaHCO3J (mM) Figure 5.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 42%

“…Al in alkaline fly ash (9,25), bauxite residue (6), and hydroponic culture media (6) appears to be toxic, and that toxicity has been attributed to aluminate (Al[OH]4) which, according to species computations, would constitute >99% of the mononuclear hydroxy-Al at pH > 7.9. However, these media were complex, and, appropriately, the authors made no attempt to compute the species composition.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the Rhizotoxicity of the Aluminate Ion, Al(OH)₄⁻

Kinraide

1990

Plant Physiol.

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Dissolved aluminum (Ill) in acidic soils or culture media is often rhizotoxic (inhibitory to root elongation). Alkaline solutions of Al are also sometimes rhizotoxic, and for that reason toxicity has been attributed to the aluminate ion, AI(OH)4-. In the present study, seedlings of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Tyler) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L. cv Kenland) were cultured in aerated aluminate solutions at pH 8.0 to 8.9. The bulk phases of these solutions were free of reactive polynuclear hydroxy-AI (including the extremely toxic species AlO4Al12 [OH] species (15, 26). That one or more ofthese species is rhizotoxic has been known for many decades (7), but only recently has there been progress in determining the relative toxicities of the various species (4, 8, 12-14, 19, 21, 22). Evidence for the toxicity of a polynuclear Al species has been offered several times (2,21,22, 27), and this species has now been identified as Al13 ' (22). This species is easily prepared in artificial solutions, but upon aging, All3 undergoes a conversion to other Al species that are unreactive with commonly used assay reagents and may comprise microcrystalline gibbsite or other solid-phase Al (3,22). Al,3 is at least 10-fold more rhizotoxic than A13+ (22), and the possibility of its occurrence is a complicating factor in the study ofthe toxicity of other species (13). (14). Perhaps protonation of cell surface sites reduces Al3+ binding. In addition, Al,3 may have accumulated in the root free space as mononuclear hydroxy-Al increased in the bulk media.Al in alkaline fly ash (9, 25), bauxite residue (6), and hydroponic culture media (6) appears to be toxic, and that toxicity has been attributed to aluminate (Al[OH]4) which, according to species computations, would constitute >99% of the mononuclear hydroxy-Al at pH > 7.9. However, these media were complex, and, appropriately, the authors made no attempt to compute the species composition. In addition, no attempt was made to detect Al13, whose toxicity was not widely known at the time of those studies.The present experiments were performed as part of an ongoing investigation of the relative rhizotoxicity of Al species. The major emphasis of the study was to employ simple solutions whose species composition could be computed and to ensure the absence of Al,3 in the bulk phase of the culture media. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seedling CultureSeedlings of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Tyler) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L. cv Kenland) were cultured at 25°C in aerated, 500-mL solutions as described previously (10, 13). All alkaline solutions were aerated overnight prior to the introduction of seedlings. After 2 d, root lengths were measured and the culture media were assayed for Al by the ferron method to be described. In a typical experiment intended to test the apparent toxicity of aluminate, the culture media were prepared by adding 2.95 mL of 1 M NaHCO3, 0 to 50 mL of a 1 mm stock solution of LiAl02 (in 1 mM NaOH), 50 to 0 mL of a 1 mm stock solution of LiCl (in 1 1...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 42%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Rhizotoxicity of the Aluminate Ion, Al(OH)₄⁻

Kinraide

1990

Plant Physiol.

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“…Ultimately it may perhaps be found to be analogous to tbe mechanism of tolerance to aluminium. Jones (1961) has found that the tolerance of some species to aluminium can be correlated with their capacity to immobilize the metal and suggests an organic acid buffer system. Such a system would have to be of some complexity to explain its specificity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HEAVY METAL TOLERANCE IN POPULATIONS OF AGROSTIS TENUIS SIBTH. AND OTHER GRASSES

1965

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SUMMARYPopulations of Agrostis tenuis can be found growing on a variety of different mine workings in conditions of metal contamination toxic to most higher plants. Samples of such populations together with samples of populations taken from ordinary pastures were tested for tolerance to high concentrations of copper, nickel, lead and zinc by measuring the effect of these metals on the rooting of tillers. The soils in which the populations were originally growing were analysed for each of the four metals and the tolerances of the populations have been related to the levels of the metals in the soils.In general, the mine populations show remarkable tolerance to the particular metals present in high quantities in the soils of their original habitats: the pasture populations do not show this tolerance. The tolerance is specific, for, except in the case of zinc and nickel, tolerance to one metal is not accompanied by tolerance to any other. There must, therefore, be three specific tolerances in the one species. Individual tolerances can however occur together and this can be related to the occurrence of the two metals together in toxic quantities in the soil.The tolerances must be genetically controlled but the physiological mechanism involved is not clear. A number of other species were also shown to have populations tolerant to high levels of zinc.

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“…Al is also toxic for most organisms at low concentrations and it is likely that it is detoxified by some mechanism other than the formation of APP granules. Ectomycorrhizal fungi synthesize oxalic acid (Lapeyrie, Chilvers & Bhem, 1987), which is able to chelate Al to a non-toxic form in growth media like other organic acids (Jones, 1961;Sivasubramaniam & Talibudeen, 1971;Rajan et al, 1981). Many sugars such as glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, arabinose and rhamnose, produced and secreted by roots and microbes into their growth media, form metallo-organic complexes with Al (Bradley & Sieling, 1953).…”

Section: Table 1 Mycelial Dry Weight {Mg) Aluminium and Phosphorus mentioning

confidence: 99%

Aluminium polyphosphate in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus variegatus (Fr.) O. Kunze as revealed by energy dispersive spectrometry

Väre

1990

New Phytologist

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SUMMARYThe aluminium detoxification mechanism of an ectomycorrhizal fungus, Suillus variegatus (Fr.) O. Kunze, grown on Petri dishes was studied using an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) and scanning transmission electronmicroscope with an electron dispersion photometer (STEM-EDS). Higher concentrations of soluble Al in the growth medium resulted in abundant formation of aluminium polyphosphate granules in the hyphae, which have not been noted earlier in ectomycorrhizal fungi or in their mycorrhizas. EDTA washing and STEM-EDS demonstrated that the granules were mainly located in the cell walls. The results suggest that growth of the fungal mycelium decreased as a result of higher Al and lower P concentrations inside the cells, as measured by AAS. The aluminium polyphosphate granules also contained varying amounts of other elements such as Ca, Cl, K, S, and Si.

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Aluminium uptake and toxicity in plants

Cited by 82 publications

References 17 publications

Assessing the Rhizotoxicity of the Aluminate Ion, Al(OH)₄⁻

Assessing the Rhizotoxicity of the Aluminate Ion, Al(OH)₄⁻

HEAVY METAL TOLERANCE IN POPULATIONS OF AGROSTIS TENUIS SIBTH. AND OTHER GRASSES

Aluminium polyphosphate in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus variegatus (Fr.) O. Kunze as revealed by energy dispersive spectrometry

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Aluminium uptake and toxicity in plants

Cited by 82 publications

References 17 publications

Assessing the Rhizotoxicity of the Aluminate Ion, Al(OH)4−

Assessing the Rhizotoxicity of the Aluminate Ion, Al(OH)4−

HEAVY METAL TOLERANCE IN POPULATIONS OF AGROSTIS TENUIS SIBTH. AND OTHER GRASSES

Aluminium polyphosphate in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus variegatus (Fr.) O. Kunze as revealed by energy dispersive spectrometry

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Assessing the Rhizotoxicity of the Aluminate Ion, Al(OH)₄⁻

Assessing the Rhizotoxicity of the Aluminate Ion, Al(OH)₄⁻