Aluminium Production Process: Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract

Aluminium, with more than 50 Mt annual production in 2016, is an essential material in modern engineering designs of lightweight structures. To obtain aluminium ingots from bauxite, three main processes are involved: the Bayer process to produce alumina from bauxite; the anode manufacturing process to produce electrodes, and the smelting process using the Hall-Héroult technology. The Hall-Héroult process, involves the electrolysis of alumina, dissolved in molten cryolite to produce liquid aluminium that should be casted to produce ingots of different types of alloys. The technology is now about 130 years old and the aluminium production experienced a phenomenal growth during the past two decades-the highest growth rate for a commodity metal. The aluminium electrolysis cell is made of a steel shell, the internal surfaces of which are covered with a series of insulating linings made of refractory materials. The top lining, made of carbon, is in direct contact with the molten metal and acts as the cathode. The anode is also made of carbon, suspended in the electrolyte and consumed during electrolysis. According to the International Aluminium Institute [1] the energy required to produce one ton of aluminium varies between 12.8 and 16 MWh, depending on the technology used and the age of the smelters. Carbon consumption of the process-roughly about 400 kg of carbon for tone of aluminium-is also significant, contributing to the generation of about 1.5 tons of CO 2 per ton of aluminium. Thus energy efficiency and the environmental footprint of the process are the top concerns of this industry.Major aluminium producers and scientists gather once a year during ICSOBA "The International Committee for Study of Bauxite, Alumina and Aluminium" [2] in order to share the challenges of the industry and the latest technological and scientific progresses. The scope of the event covers the whole Al production chain, from bauxite refining to aluminium electrolysis, including electrode manufacturing and aluminium smelting processes. This Special Issue was launched to publish selected works presented at this event, in order to disseminate the recent progress and new achievements in this emerging field with broader scientific and industrial communities. The submitted papers mostly focus on carbon technology for aluminium smelting, dealing with different issues related with carbon consumption and its environmental impact.Allard et al.[3] presented a new generation of eco-friendly ramming paste. In an electrolysis cell, ramming paste, composed of calcined anthracite and coal-tar-pitch binder, is used to seal the seams between cathode blocks and the joints between the cathode lining and the cell walls. Installation of ramming paste is always challenging, implying special precautions for health and environmental issues, basically due to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions. The authors extensively characterized 5 eco-friendly ramming pastes and reported their physico-chemical properties....

Biochar as an Additive to Modify Biopitch Binder for Carbon Anodes

“…The anodes are then suspended in the electrolyte where they are consumed during the electrolysis process. Theoretical and practical consumption rates of carbon anodes are, respectively, 0.334 and 0.410 kg per 1 kg of aluminum . The CTP, mainly composed of condensed aromatic homo- and heterocyclic hydrocarbons, is the main source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) released into the environment during the anode baking process.…”

Reconciling Environmental Safety and Economic Feasibility: A Review of Soil Fluorine Management Strategies in the Republic of Korea

“…Aluminum production relies on the Hall-Héroult process, which releases fluorine into the atmosphere, and although there has been much progress in reducing fluorine emissions, continued monitoring and technological advancements are crucial for minimizing environmental and ecological impacts. This summary explores the challenges and advancements in the management of fluorine emissions from the aluminum smelting industry [71][72][73][74].…”

Two Applications of FBG Temperature Sensor for Environmental Safety

“…This is done in order for the finished blocks to retain their shape [5]. The furnace used for baking needs to be slowly heated up to the range of 1100 -1120°C and slowly cooled down again [5][6] for the green blocks. Baking of the green blocks is carried out above 1000ºC [5][6].…”

“…The furnace used for baking needs to be slowly heated up to the range of 1100 -1120°C and slowly cooled down again [5][6] for the green blocks. Baking of the green blocks is carried out above 1000ºC [5][6]. An exothermic reaction resulting due to the natural oxidization of coal over time leads to underground coal mine fire [7].…”