Aluminium levels in human milk

Mandić, Milena L.; Grgić, Jerica; Grgić, Zdravko; Šeruga, Marijan; Hasenay, Damir

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(95)04702-4

Cited by 22 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Levels of aluminium in transudative type II cysts were not statistically different from those found in human milk at any of the stages of lactation tested (colostrum, intermediate, mature milk), but they were significantly higher than those in serum. Although these provide the first reported measurements of aluminium in BCF, levels of aluminium measured here in human serum (in both healthy women and GCBD-matched patients) are in line with previously published data (Fagioli et al, 1987;Habs et al, 1997;Magalhaes et al, 2002), as are the values in human milk (Mandic et al, 1995;Fernandez-Lorenzo et al, 1999;Krachler et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Concentration of aluminium in breast cyst fluids collected from women affected by gross cystic breast disease

Mannello

Tonti

Darbre

2008

J of Applied Toxicology

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Gross cystic breast disease (GCBD) is the most common benign breast disorder, but the molecular basis of cyst formation remains to be identified. If the use of aluminium-based antiperspirant salts is involved in the etiology of gross breast cyst formation, it might be expected that aluminium would be at elevated levels in human breast cyst fluid (BCF). Aluminium was measured by ICP-MS in 48 samples of BCF, 30 samples of human blood serum and 45 samples of human breast milk at different stages of lactation (colostrum, intermediate, mature). The median level of aluminium in apocrine type I BCF (n = 27, 150 microg l(-1)) was significantly higher than in transudative type II BCF (n = 21, 32 microg l(-1); P < 0.0001). By comparison, aluminium measurements gave a median concentration of 6 microg l(-1) in human serum and 25 microg l(-1) in human breast milk, with no difference between colostrum, intermediate and mature milk. Levels of aluminium were significantly higher in both types of BCF than in human serum (P < 0.0001). However when compared with human breast milk, aluminium levels were only significantly higher in apocrine type I BCF (P < 0.0001) and not in transudative type II BCF (P = 0.152). It remains to be identified why such high levels of aluminium were found in the apocrine type I BCF and from where the aluminium originated. However, if aluminium-based antiperspirants are found to be the source and to play any causal role in development of breast cysts, then it might become possible to prevent this common breast disorder.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Concentration of aluminium in breast cyst fluids collected from women affected by gross cystic breast disease

Mannello

Tonti

Darbre

2008

J of Applied Toxicology

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“…However, the highest levels of chromium, iron, copper and manganese were found in women who resided in the agricultural zone, although these differences were not statistically significant. Regarding age, a positive and significant correlation (Spearman's correlation coefficient (rs = 0.425; p = 0.002) was observed with the level of aluminum in breast milk, similar to that reported by Mandić et al [68], probably by bioaccumulation. No statistically significant correlations were observed between the items and housewife status, weight, height, BMI, number of children and total months of breastfeeding in previous children.…”

Section: Relationship Between Levels Of Inorganic Pollutants and Characteristics Of Motherssupporting

confidence: 88%

Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Human Breast Milk from Industrial/Mining and Agricultural Zones of Southeastern Spain

Motas

Jiménez

Oliva

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Human breast milk is the most complete foodstuff for infants but can also be a potential source of exposure to toxic chemicals. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of metal pollution in the breast milk of women living in agricultural and industrial/mining areas of the Region of Murcia (Spain) that are well known for their cases of environmental pollution. Human milk samples were collected from 50 mothers and inorganic contaminants were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The mean or maximum concentrations of the different inorganic elements analyzed in breast milk, with the exception of manganese, exceeded the maximum limits established by the WHO and could constitute a high risk for pregnant mothers and their children. The breast milk of women living in the industrial/mining zone presented the highest levels of aluminum, zinc, arsenic, lead, mercury and nickel. On the contrary, the highest concentrations of manganese, chromium and iron were determined in the milk of women living in the agricultural zone. These results suggested and confirmed different profiles of environmental contamination of these areas.

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“…In this assessment the alumium content of water used to reconstitute dried or concentrated infant food and formulae was not taken into account . According to the literature the mean or median aluminium concentration in human breast milk ranges from 0.009 to 0.380 mg/l (Baxter et al, 1991;Fernandez-Lorenzo et al, 1999;Hawkins et al, 1994;Koo et al, 1988;Simmer et al, 1990;Weintraub et al, 1986, Mandíc et al, 1995. Recently, JECFA estimated dietary exposure to aluminium for infants aged 3 months and fed human milk; using a concentration of < 0.05 mg/l and consumption levels of 0.7 l at the mean and 1 l at the 95th percentile.…”

Section: Dietary Exposure To Aluminiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of aluminium from dietary intake ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Food Contact Materials (AFC)

2008

EFS2

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Following a request from the Commission, the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Food Contact Materials (AFC) was asked to provide a scientific opinion on the safety of aluminium from all sources of dietary intake. In the event the estimated exposure for a particular sub-group(s) is found to exceed the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake, a detailed breakdown by exposure source should be provided. Aluminium occurs naturally in the environment and is also released due to anthropogenic activities such as mining and industrial uses, in the production of aluminium metal and other aluminium compounds. A variety of aluminium compounds are produced and used for different purposes, such as in water treatment, papermaking, fire retardant, fillers, food additives, colours and pharmaceuticals. Aluminium metal, mainly in the form of alloys with other metals, has many uses including in consumer appliances, food packaging and cookware. The major route of exposure to aluminium for the general population is through food. Aluminium in drinking water represents another, minor, source of exposure. Additional exposures may arise from the use of aluminium compounds in pharmaceuticals and consumer products. Most unprocessed foods typically contain less than 5 mg aluminium/kg. Higher concentrations (mean levels 5 to 10 mg/kg) were often found in breads, cakes and pastries (with biscuits having the highest levels), some vegetables (with mushrooms, spinach, radish, swiss card, 1 For citation purposes: Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Food Contact Materials on a request from European Commission on Safety of aluminium from dietary intake.

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Aluminium levels in human milk

Cited by 22 publications

References 9 publications

Concentration of aluminium in breast cyst fluids collected from women affected by gross cystic breast disease

Concentration of aluminium in breast cyst fluids collected from women affected by gross cystic breast disease

Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Human Breast Milk from Industrial/Mining and Agricultural Zones of Southeastern Spain

Safety of aluminium from dietary intake ‐ Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Food Contact Materials (AFC)

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