Alumina-supported potassium compounds as heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production: A review

Evangelista, João Paulo da Costa; Gondim, Amanda Duarte; Souza, Luíz Di; Araújo, Antônio S.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.061

Cited by 87 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…It was found that the optimal catalyst loading was at 2.0% but decreasing yield of biodiesel was observed with further increasing amount of catalyst. As expected, alumina-CaO-KI gave the highest yield of biodiesel probably due to the combination of factors; the high basicity of alumina-KI catalyst [16] and higher activity in the mild reaction condition of CaO catalyst [17]. Similarly, high biodiesel yield (95%) was also observed from palm oil using same catalyst [10].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 53%

SYNTHESIS OF ALUMINA-CaO-KI CATALYST FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM RUBBER SEED OIL

2018

MJAS

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In this research, biodiesel was produced by transesterification of rubber seed oil with methanol catalyzed by three types of alumina-supported catalyst. The catalysts were Al 2 O 3 -CaO, Al 2 O 3 -KI, and Al 2 O 3 -CaO-KI. The catalysts were prepared by heating a mixture of alumina and the corresponding salt in a furnace at 700 o C. Transesterification reactions were carried out at 65 °C using a mixture of rubber seed oil: methanol of mass ratio 1:9 with different catalyst loadings between 0 and 3.5%. The optimum catalyst loading was at 2.0% for all types of catalyst and Al 2 O 3 -CaO-KI gave the highest yield (91.6%) followed by Al 2 O 3 -KI (90.7%) and Al 2 O 3 -CaO (63.5%). The catalyst Al 2 O 3 -CaO-KI also gave high biodiesel yields over a wider range of catalyst loadings compared to the other two catalysts. Reactions were also carried out at different temperatures (25, 40 and 65°C). It was observed that the yield increased drastically with increasing reaction temperature. At all temperatures the Al 2 O 3 -CaO-KI catalyst gave the highest yield. Therefore, the study showed that among these three catalysts the most productive was Al 2 O 3 -CaO-KI, (100:30:35).Keywords: alumina-supported catalyst, biodiesel, rubber seed oil, transesterification AbstrakDalam kajian ini, biodiesel dihasilkan melalui tindak balas transesterifikasi minyak biji getah dengan metanol menggunakan tiga jenis mangkin tersokong alumina. Mangkin-mangkin tersebut adalah Al 2 O 3 -CaO, Al 2 O 3 -KI dan Al 2 O 3 -CaO-KI. Mangkinmangkin itu disediakan dengan pemanasan campuran alumina dan garam yang berkaitan di dalam relau pada suhu 700 °C. Tindak balas transesterifikasi dijalankan pada suhu 65 °C dengan menggunakan campuran minyak biji getah: metanol dengan nisbah jisim 1:9 dengan beban mangkin yang berbeza di antara 0 hingga 3.5%. Beban mangkin yang optimum adalah 2.0% untuk semua jenis mangkin dan mangkin Al 2 O 3 -CaO-KI memberikan peratus hasil yang paling tinggi (91.6%) diikuti oleh Al 2 O 3 -KI (90.7%) dan Al 2 O 3 -CaO (63.5%). Mangkin Al 2 O 3 -CaO-KI juga memberikan peratus hasil biodiesel yang tinggi pada julat beban mangkin yang lebih besar berbanding dengan dua mangkin yang lain. Tindak balas juga dijalankan pada suhu-suhu yang berbeza (25, 40 dan 65 °C). Didapati bahawa peratus hasil meningkat secara mendadak dengan peningkatan suhu tindak balas. Pada sebarang suhu mangkin Al 2 O 3 -CaO-KI memberikan peratus hasil yang paling tinggi. Oleh itu, kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa di antara ketiga-tiga jenis mangkin ini Al 2 O 3 -CaO-KI, (100:30:35) adalah yang paling produktif.Kata kunci: mangkin tersokong alumina, biodiesel, minyak biji getah, transesterifikasi

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 53%

SYNTHESIS OF ALUMINA-CaO-KI CATALYST FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM RUBBER SEED OIL

2018

MJAS

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“…Possibly, in this temperature there was the alkoxides formation promoted by the action of basic species, causing the impregnation of the substrates and product irreversibly in the reagent (NaI/Al 2 O 3 ). A posterior study about the structural arrangement of this alumina-supported reagent will be necessary to rationalize the results obtained (59).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Xie (58) and Evangelista (59) independently have used KI/Al 2 O 3 as an efficient basic catalyst for biodiesel production. X-ray diffraction measurements have evidenced the presence of K 3 AlI 6 and K 2 O in significant concentrations, in addition to residual KI, as an active species in this catalyst (58,59). We imagine that the presence of iodine in the species K 3 AlI 6 could alternatively to react with the glycerol 1,3-DCH and provide the desired iodohydrins 2a and 2b, since only the use of KI salt solventless did not exhibit good conversion, as shown previously.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green synthesis of glycerol 1,3-bromo- and iodohydrins under solvent-free conditions

Santos

Silva

et al. 2019

Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews

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New eco-friendly conditions for Finkelstein reaction employing homogeneous media or aluminasupported reagents, both solventless, were utilized in the bromohydrins and iodohydrins synthesis from 1,3-dichlorohydrin (1,3-DCH), obtained from glycerol. Thus, the trans-halogenation of glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin (1) in homogeneous media, using NaI, NaBr salts and organic additives (TBAI, TBAB), led to the synthesis of four different glycerol halohydrins (2a, 2b, 3a, 3b) in regular to excellent conversions (43-96%) and good selectivities to 3a and 2b. Already, the alumina-supported reagents such as KI, KBr, NaBr were used for glycerol-1,3-dichlorohydrin transhalogenation, in the absence of solvent, producing halohydrin mixtures in high conversions (77-99%) and very good selectivity (82%) to 1,3-diiodo-2-propanol (2b).

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“…To solve these issues, it is important to explore environmentally friendly and reusable solid acid catalysts. Solid acid catalysts such as zeolite, heteropoly acids, cation exchange resins, and solid super acids have been studied . However, these solid acid catalysts suffer from the problems of high preparation cost, low catalytic activity, and poor stability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Solid acid catalysts such as zeolite, heteropoly acids, cation exchange resins, and solid super acids have been studied. [1][2][3][4] However, these solid acid catalysts suffer from the problems of high preparation cost, low catalytic activity, and poor stability. In recent years, interest in carbon-based solid acid catalysts has increased because of their simple preparation process via incomplete carbonization and sulphonation using abundant and cheap biomass.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly‐efficient and low‐cost synthesis of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural from monosaccharides catalyzed by surface treated biomass

Zou¹,

Chen²,

Zhou³

et al. 2018

Can J Chem Eng

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Low‐cost bagasse and microcrystalline cellulose were used as the raw materials to prepare solid acid catalysts via incomplete carbonization and sulphonation. The solid acid synthesized from microcrystalline cellulose (C‐SO3H) exhibited better catalytic performance than that synthesized from bagasse. C‐SO3H was characterized by various techniques to study the reaction conditions of the catalytic transformation from glucose and fructose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF). The conversion of glucose was 73.29 ± 0.74 %, and the conversion of fructose reached a maximum of 98.85 ± 0.01 %. The selectivity and yield of 5‐HMF reached maxima of 65.04 ± 0.28 % and 64.29 ± 0.27 %, respectively. Using C‐SO3H as the catalyst, the conversion of glucose followed second‐order kinetics at various temperatures, while the conversion of fructose followed first‐order kinetics. The activation energies of the glucose and fructose transformations were 73.75 and 51.87 kJ · mol−1, respectively.

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Alumina-supported potassium compounds as heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production: A review

Cited by 87 publications

References 66 publications

SYNTHESIS OF ALUMINA-CaO-KI CATALYST FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM RUBBER SEED OIL

SYNTHESIS OF ALUMINA-CaO-KI CATALYST FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM RUBBER SEED OIL

Green synthesis of glycerol 1,3-bromo- and iodohydrins under solvent-free conditions

Highly‐efficient and low‐cost synthesis of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural from monosaccharides catalyzed by surface treated biomass

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