Altitudinal Distribution and Ranging Patterns of Pygmy Tarsiers (Tarsius pumilus)

Grow, Nanda

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8175-1_3

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…A comparative analysis of primate hearing sensitivity found an association between hearing sensitivity to higher-frequency sound and sociality (group size) [Ramsier et al, 2012a]. It is interesting to note that T. pumilus exhibits larger group sizes than lowland Sulawesian tarsiers, with up to 5 individuals sharing a sleeping tree [Grow, 2013b]. T. spectrumgurskyae is more social than once was thought, with frequent interactions between groups [Gursky, 2000].…”

Section: Environmental Effectsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Use of higher frequency calls during short range communication might be selected for in montane mossy forest, as lower-frequency calls travel farther; for instance, ground squirrels use ultrasonic calls when juveniles are clustered nearby and predators are farther away [Wilson and Hare, 2006]. T. pumilus was found to have smaller home ranges than lowland Sulawesian tarsiers [Grow, 2013b], which may suggest closer proximities between individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryptic Communication in a Montane Nocturnal Haplorhine, Tarsius pumilus

Grow¹

2019

IJFP

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Crypsis, including visual and auditory concealment, usually manifests in primates as an antipredator strategy. Other factors may also influence cryptic communication style, including habitat structure and phylogenetic history. Compared to less cryptic lowland Sulawesian tarsiers, montane pygmy tarsiers (Tarsius pumilus) exhibit a communication style that lacks scent marks and lower-frequency vocalisations. This study examines why auditory crypsis occurs in montane tarsiers more so than in larger tarsier species and presents the only known spectrograms of T. pumilus in the field. T. pumilus regularly exhibited calls with a dominant frequency of 60-80 kHz (n = 4) in both social situations (duet calls) and stressed contexts. These results indicate that highland, smallerbodied tarsiers habitually communicate at high frequencies in contexts where Sulawesian and Philippine tarsiers use lower frequencies. While predation threats and habitat acoustics may influence the use of high-frequency vocalisations, this study found that T. pumilus shows an expected relationship between vocal frequency and body mass. These traits may represent a retention of primitive haplorhine traits rather than derived adaptations to a montane environment.

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Section: Environmental Effectsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptic Communication in a Montane Nocturnal Haplorhine, Tarsius pumilus

Grow¹

2019

IJFP

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“…In contrast with all other tarsiers, the mountain tarsier exclusively inhabits cloud forest at elevations above 1800 m.a.s.l. [ 16 , 19 ]. T. pumilus exhibits morphological and behavioural peculiarities in respect to other extant tarsiers, like elongated nails, evidently reduced scent marking and the lack of a conspicuous duet song in the human hearing range [ 14 , 16 , 18 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small, odd and old: The mysteriousTarsius pumilusis the most basal Sulawesi tarsier

et al. 2022

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In this study, we present the first genetic evidence of the phylogenetic position of Tarsius pumilus, the mountain tarsier of Sulawesi, Indonesia . This mysterious primate is the only Eastern tarsier species that occurs exclusively in cloud forests above 1800 m.a.s.l. It exhibits striking morphological peculiarities—most prominently its extremely reduced body size, which led to the common name of ‘pygmy tarsier’. However, our results indicate that T. pumilus is not an aberrant form of a lowland tarsier, but in fact, the most basal of all Sulawesi tarsiers. Applying a Bayesian multi-locus coalescent approach, we dated the divergence between the T. pumilus lineage and the ancestor of all other extant Sulawesi tarsiers to 9.88 Mya. This is as deep as the split between the two other tarsier genera Carlito (Philippine tarsiers) and Cephalopachus (Western tarsiers), and predates further tarsier diversification on Sulawesi by around 7 Myr. The date coincides with the deepening of the marine environment between eastern and western Sulawesi, which likely led to allopatric speciation between T. pumilus or its predecessor in the west and the ancestor of all other Sulawesi tarsiers in the east. As the split preceded the emergence of permanent mountains in western Sulawesi, it is unlikely that the shift to montane habitat has driven the formation of the T. pumilus lineage.

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Threats and Conservation of Owl Monkeys (Aotus spp.) in the Andes

Shanee

2023

Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects

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Altitudinal Distribution and Ranging Patterns of Pygmy Tarsiers (Tarsius pumilus)

Cited by 4 publications

References 43 publications

Cryptic Communication in a Montane Nocturnal Haplorhine, Tarsius pumilus

Cryptic Communication in a Montane Nocturnal Haplorhine, Tarsius pumilus

Small, odd and old: The mysteriousTarsius pumilusis the most basal Sulawesi tarsier

Threats and Conservation of Owl Monkeys (Aotus spp.) in the Andes

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