Alternatives to Transfusion

Abstract

Objectives We discuss two main categories of blood substitutes: perfluorocarbons and hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. Methods We provide a review of the notable products developed in both categories and include their attributes as well as their setbacks. Results We contribute a case report tothe growing literature of the successful use of Sanguinate. Conclusions We find that artificial oxygen carriers are an attractive field of research because of the practical limitations and the multitude of potential complications that surround human blood transfusions.

Current perspectives of artificial oxygen carriers as red blood cell substitutes: a review of old to cutting-edge technologies using in vitro and in vivo assessments

“…Furthermore, acellular Hb was administered intravenously in some patients who complained of kidney toxicity, hypertension, and cardiovascular complications. Hb tetramers are separated into dimers and monomers, which can easily be secreted into the kidneys and cross through the glomeruli, thus causing renal toxicity (Taguchi et al 2017 ; Bachert et al 2020 ). Additionally, cell-free Hb scavenges nitric oxide (NO), a vasodilator that may cause heart dysfunction (Sen Gupta 2017 ; Bialas et al 2019 ).…”

“…Additionally, cell-free Hb scavenges nitric oxide (NO), a vasodilator that may cause heart dysfunction (Sen Gupta 2017 ; Bialas et al 2019 ). In addition, when NO abates the circulation, it actively inhibits platelet aggregation (Bachert et al 2020 ).…”

“…It can be sterilized and preserved at room temperature for 320 days and is used not only as an oxygen carrier but also for the withdrawal of radical oxygen and CO 2 transportation. PolyHb-fibrinogen, produced from bovine Hb and cross-linked with fibrinogen, displays both oxygen and coagulation (platelet-like activity) characteristics (Moradi et al 2016 ; Bachert et al 2020 ).…”

“…Although allogeneic blood transfusion can be resuscitative for injured patients, it involves a few challenges, such as shortage of blood, more time and cost for blood grouping (Castro and Briceno 2010 ; Bachert et al 2020 ), and the possibility of spreading an infection, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Zika virus and viral hepatitis (hepatitis B and C viruses). Moreover, parasitic diseases, such as babesiosis, which is mainly transmitted through a tick bite, may also be spread through blood transfusion (Chen et al 2009 ; Moritz et al 2016 ; Khan et al 2020 ).…”

Multifunctional theragnostic ultrasmall gold nanodot-encapsuled perfluorocarbon nanodroplets for laser-focused ultrasound sequence irradiation (LFSI)-based enhanced tumor ablation

“…24 For reliable nanodroplet vaporization and higher stability, producing consistently small, monodisperse PFCnDs is critical. [25][26][27][28] First, new amphiphilic materials, PFC-PEG 1000 and ultrasmall Au nanodots that can be dispersed in fluorocarbons, were synthesized. Then, Au-loaded PFCnDs with a uniform size and stable dispersion were obtained using ultrasonic emulsification.…”