Alternatives to animal testing: A review

Doke, Sonali Kashinath; Dhawale, Shashikant C.

doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2013.11.002

Cited by 435 publications

(339 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…1). The toxicity may be evaluated in cell cultures, invertebrates or small 326 animals using cell viability assays and determination of lethal dose 50 (LD 50 ) (for review, see: 327 Doke & Dhawale, 2015). Different cytotoxicity assays of natural compounds which allow 328 assessment of (a) The stability of milk BAPs to serum peptidases, which is particularly relevant to peptides with a 390 systemic target, has also been investigated.…”

Section: Bioavailability and Safety Evaluations 324mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for the discovery, identification and validation of milk protein-derived bioactive peptides

Nongonierma

Fitzgerald

2016

Trends in Food Science & Technology

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17Background: The workflow used for the discovery of novel milk protein-derived bioactive 18 peptides (BAPs) has significantly evolved over the past number of years. Many of the 19 approaches currently described in the literature for the study of milk protein-derived BAPs have 20 taken similar routes as those conventionally used in drug discovery. However, because milk 21 protein-derived BAPs are prepared from dietary sources and in a food-grade manner, they differ 22 from drugs in that they are generally present in a complex mixture as opposed to drug active 23 compounds which are generally synthetically produced, having a relatively high level of purity.

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Section: Bioavailability and Safety Evaluations 324mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for the discovery, identification and validation of milk protein-derived bioactive peptides

Nongonierma

Fitzgerald

2016

Trends in Food Science & Technology

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confidence: 99%

3-D nasal cultures: Systems toxicological assessment of a candidate modified-risk tobacco product

Iskandar

Mathis

Martin

et al. 2017

ALTEX

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ratory animals -to reduce the number of animals, to refine the design of procedures such that pain and distress are minimized, and to replace animal models with alternative methods and lower organisms when possible (Doke and Dhawale, 2015). In this regard, the capability to preserve human respiratory cells in culture provides a tool not only to generate mechanistic data, but also to improve the predicted effects of exposure hazard through inhalation in humans. An emphasis on assessment studies using human-derived in vitro culture systems will reduce the problems that are inherent to interspecies translatability (Manuppello and Sullivan, 2015).In vitro toxicology approaches have evolved from focusing on the molecular changes within a cell to understanding the toxicity-related mechanisms (cell-cell interactions) in models IntroductionMechanistic investigation of the impact of exposure on the lower airway remains challenging because access to lung tissues is limited. Although biopsy samples can be obtained from patients/donors for mechanistic studies of exposure-induced injury, a biopsy procedure is invasive and there are related ethical concerns (Peppercorn, 2013). Alternatively, animal studies allow the collection of biological samples from various animal models of human diseases. However, biological responses can vary among animal species, and findings obtained from animal studies may not apply to humans. Alternatives to animal testing have been proposed to overcome these drawbacks, including the 3Rs strategy -reduction, refinement, and replacement of labo- Research SummaryIn vitro toxicology approaches have evolved from a focus on molecular changes within a cell to understanding of toxicity-related mechanisms in systems that can mimic the in vivo environment. The recent development of three dimensional (3-D) organotypic nasal epithelial culture models offers a physiologically robust system for studying the effects of exposure through inhalation. Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is associated with nasal inflammation; thus, the nasal epithelium is relevant for evaluating the pathophysiological impact of CS exposure. The present study investigated further the application of in vitro human 3-D nasal epithelial culture models for toxicological assessment of inhalation exposure. Aligned with 3Rs strategy, this study aimed to explore the relevance of a human 3-D nasal culture model to assess the toxicological impact of aerosols generated from a candidate modified risk tobacco product (cMRTP), the Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2, as compared with smoke generated from reference cigarette 3R4F. A series of experimental repetitions, where multiple concentrations of THS2.2 aerosol and 3R4F smoke were applied, were conducted to obtain reproducible measurements to understand the cellular/molecular changes that occur following exposure. In agreement with "Toxicity Testing in the 21 st Century -a Vision and a Strategy", this study implemented a systems toxicology approach and found that for all tested concentrations the impa...

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“…The other organisms like Fruit fly are the one of the furthermost and extensively used invertebrate s in the biosciences research. A big percentage of genes involved in human disease are believed to have a well-designed homology to the flies like D. Melanogaster requires [29]. Microorganisms The other microorganisms like brewing yeasts, saccharomyces cervisiae are of furthermost importance model creature due to the above-mentioned properties of speedy growth of ease in replica plating, mutant isolation and well-demarcated genetic system made of highly handy makeover [34,35].…”

Section: In-vitro Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction, replacement and ethics of animal use in bio-science research and education

Ravindran¹

2017

PAB

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There is a widespread agreement to lower the quantity of animals used in the scientific research and education. Fewer animals should be used in the scientific and educational research practices. Major alternative to in-vivo trails are the encouragement in the use of in-vitro techniques. In late 1950,s it was proposed to decrease the number of animals in in-vivo studies. Efforts should be made to decrease and substitute them with non-sentimental alternatives. The public concerns about animal use, and ethical issues in scientific trails were seen due to the increased use of animal models in scientific research and education. The learning goals of these laboratory works need careful considerations which may lead to an idea of using the alternative methods in research. It will also help to standardise the use of animals in the in vivo experimentation. In this review the overall types of alternatives and standardization in the use of animals in scientific research and education are discussed.

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Alternatives to animal testing: A review

Cited by 435 publications

References 39 publications

Strategies for the discovery, identification and validation of milk protein-derived bioactive peptides

Strategies for the discovery, identification and validation of milk protein-derived bioactive peptides

3-D nasal cultures: Systems toxicological assessment of a candidate modified-risk tobacco product

Reduction, replacement and ethics of animal use in bio-science research and education

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