Alternative strategy for manufacturing of all-solid-state reference electrodes for potentiometry

Abstract

Abstract. This paper presents an alternative strategy for manufacturing solid-state reference electrodes based on particles of graphite/silver/silver chloride synthesized by electroless deposition of metallic silver and silver chloride on graphite powder. Two kinds of reference electrodes were manufactured by mixing these particles with epoxy resin and hardener: quasi-reference and all-solid-state containing salts of alkaline or alkaline earth metals. All-solid-state reference electrodes can be sterilized with high-pressure saturated steam at 394.15 K (121 • C) using an autoclave. These electrodes presented a stable potential between pH 2 and 11. The electrode surface was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and showed the presence of silver and salt particles. The size of the silver particles was less than 2.5 µm. We successfully applied the all-solid state reference electrodes in potentiometric cells to measure pH and potassium ions in complex matrix by direct potentiometry and Lascorbic acid by potentiometric titration.

A review of screen-printed silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrodes potentially suitable for environmental potentiometric sensors

“…Other approaches such as ink-jet printing, thin-film technology, spraying, heat sealing, conducting polymers, semi-permeable membranes and microfabrication have been reported but have yet to achieve the same level of reliability as the conventional silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) RE [27]- [34]. Several reviews have been published on general techniques with all-solidstate REs with satisfactory results but elevated cost [35], [36]. It is our belief that TF technology may be able to overcome some problems of the conventional REs.…”

Coated copper Wire Calcium Selective Microelectrode for Applications in Dental Medicine

“…As well known, in all electrochemical measurements, the indicating electrode, the calcium selective electrode to be developed, and the reference electrode need to be present simultaneously. Therefore, in order to comply with the specificity of the indicating electrode, a homemade microsized solid-state Ag/AgCl reference electrode [11] was used.…”

Development and comparison of various rod-shaped mini-reference electrode compositions based on Ag/AgCl for potentiometric applications

“…14 In many cases, this is achieved via a chloride-containing salt (mainly KCl due to its equitransferrant nature) 8 contained within a structure that controls the rate of mass transfer, facilitates signal transmission, 3 and prevents direct contact of Ag/AgCl with the sample. 15,16 Bare Ag/AgCl electrodes were proposed as quasi-REs in some applications as an alternative option to conventional REs. 13 However, their core Ag/AgCl reference elements are exposed, so they become unbalanced and quickly degrade.…”