Alternative Sources of Pluripotent Stem Cells: Scientific Solutions to an Ethical Dilemma

Rao, Mahendra S.; Condic, Maureen L.

doi:10.1089/scd.2008.0013

Cited by 56 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…If parthenogenesis could be found in field populations, facultative parthenogens could become new model organisms for the evolution of sex. In addition, analyses of the mechanisms allowing facultative parthenogenesis in otherwise sexually reproducing species are very interesting from a medical point of view as spontaneous parthenogenetic development in mammalian oocytes has been shown to be associated with cancer formation [Stevens and Varnum, 1974;Lee et al, 1997], while artificially induced parthenogenesis might be an interesting approach to obtain human stem cells [Rao and Condic, 2008].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Facultative Parthenogenesis in Vertebrates: Reproductive Error or Chance?

Lampert¹

2008

Sex Dev

130

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Parthenogenesis, the development of an embryo from a female gamete without any contribution of a male gamete, is very rare in vertebrates. Parthenogenetically reproducing species have, so far, only been found in the Squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes). Facultative parthenogenesis, switching between sexual and clonal reproduction, although quite common in invertebrates, e.g. Daphnia and aphids, seems to be even rarer in vertebrates. However, isolated cases of parthenogenetic development have been reported in all vertebrate groups. Facultative parthenogenesis in vertebrates has only been found in captive animals but might simply have been overlooked in natural populations. Even though its evolutionary impact is hard to determine and very likely varies depending on the ploidy restoration mechanisms and sex-determining mechanisms involved, facultative parthenogenesis is already discussed in conservation biology and medical research. To raise interest for facultative parthenogenesis especially in evolutionary biology, I summarize the current knowledge about facultative parthenogenesis in the different vertebrate groups, introduce mechanisms of diploid oocyte formation and discuss the genetic consequences and potential evolutionary impact of facultative parthenogenesis in vertebrates.

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confidence: 99%

Facultative Parthenogenesis in Vertebrates: Reproductive Error or Chance?

Lampert¹

2008

Sex Dev

130

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“…Since the initial derivation of ESCs in 1998, several key technical advances have enabled the widespread use of ESC-based technology [3,4]. These include techniques for deriving lines without destroying the embryo, generating lines from different stages of embryonic development (inner cell mass, morula, and late blastocyst stage), and deriving parthenogenetic lines (Table 1).…”

Section: Developing Therapies Based On Pluripotent Stem Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concise Review: Making and Using Clinically Compliant Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines

Carpenter

Rao

2015

Stem Cells Translational Medicine

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The field of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is in a state of dynamic flux driven by significant advances in the derivation of specific phenotypes from embryonic stem cells, breakthroughs in somatic cell nuclear transfer, and dramatic improvements in generating induced PSCs using zero footprint methods. Spurred by these technological advances, companies have begun to plan clinical studies using human PSC derivatives manufactured in current Good Manufacturing Practice-compliant conditions. In the present review, we discuss the challenges in making these biological products, starting from tissue sourcing to the processes involved in manufacture, storage, and distribution. Additional challenges exist to meeting the regulatory requirements and keeping costs affordable. A model is described that has been proposed by the U.S. National Institutes of Health for reducing the costs and permitting flexibility and innovation by individual investigators. This model, combined with small adjustments in the regulatory processes tailored to address the unique properties of PSCs, has the potential of significantly accelerating the implementation of PSC-based cell therapy. STEM CELLS TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015;4:381-388

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“…Subsequently, further research found that other combinations of factors, small molecules, and RNAs can be used to achieve an equivalent outcome. The differentiation potential, proliferative capacity, morphology, and gene expression profiles of iPSCs are highly similar to those of ESCs, but use of the former avoids the ethical complications of deriving ESCs from human blastocysts (Yu et al 2007, Rao & Condic 2008.…”

Section: Human Pluripotent Stem Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

β-cell regeneration and differentiation: how close are we to the ‘holy grail’?

Tan¹,

Elefanty²

2014

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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Diabetes can be managed by careful monitoring of blood glucose and timely delivery of exogenous insulin. However, even with fastidious compliance, people with diabetes can suffer from numerous complications including atherosclerosis, retinopathy, neuropathy, and kidney disease. This is because delivery of exogenous insulin coupled with glucose monitoring cannot provide the fine level of glucose control normally provided by endogenous b-cells in the context of intact islets. Moreover, a subset of people with diabetes lack awareness of hypoglycemic events; a status that can have grave consequences. Therefore, much effort has been focused on replacing lost or dysfunctional b-cells with cells derived from other sources. The advent of stem cell biology and cellular reprogramming strategies have provided impetus to this work and raised hopes that a b-cell replacement therapy is on the horizon. In this review, we look at two components that will be required for successful b-cell replacement therapy: a reliable and safe source of b-cells and a mechanism by which such cells can be delivered and protected from host immune destruction. Particular attention is paid to insulin-producing cells derived from pluripotent stem cells because this platform addresses the issue of scale, one of the more significant hurdles associated with potential cell-based therapies. We also review methods for encapsulating transplanted cells, a technique that allows grafts to evade immune attack and survive for a long term in the absence of ongoing immunosuppression. In surveying the literature, we conclude that there are still several substantial hurdles that need to be cleared before a stem cell-based b-cell replacement therapy for diabetes becomes a reality.

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Alternative Sources of Pluripotent Stem Cells: Scientific Solutions to an Ethical Dilemma

Cited by 56 publications

References 61 publications

Facultative Parthenogenesis in Vertebrates: Reproductive Error or Chance?

Facultative Parthenogenesis in Vertebrates: Reproductive Error or Chance?

Concise Review: Making and Using Clinically Compliant Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines

β-cell regeneration and differentiation: how close are we to the ‘holy grail’?

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