Alternative Parent Selection for Multi-Path RPL Networks

Jenschke, Tomás Lagos; Papadopoulos, Georgios Z.; Koutsiamanis, Remous-Aris; Montavont, Nicolas

doi:10.1109/wf-iot.2019.8767236

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…So it is important to define rules that allow constraining a transmission within a restricted number of nodes along a narrow path in the network. The CA approach [12] selects an AP if there is at least one potential parent in common between the parent sets of the PP and the AP. The objective behind this principle is to select an AP that is related to the PP in order to avoid (or reduce) the potential flooding and concentrate the transmission efforts towards a single direction.…”

Section: Common Ancestor (Ca) Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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ODeSe: On-Demand Selection for multi-path RPL networks

et al. 2021

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The Internet of Things (IoT) has become ubiquitous due to its flexibility, ease-of-use, and reduced cost. As a consequence, the industry is adopting these systems in its transformation into Industry 4.0. However, the strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of the industry are not met with the default best-effort provisions of the IoT. Most industrial applications require strict guarantees in terms of end-to-end network reliability and latency. For instance, consecutive packet losses can lead to communication disruptions in supply chain systems. Therefore, adaptations are being made to fulfill these requirements with the IEEE Std 802.15.4-2015 Time slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) link-layer standard and the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) standard at the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). However, even by employing such industrial protocols, it is still difficult to achieve the expected QoS levels. Considering that RPL constructs and maintains a single-path from a source to a destination if there are potential issues on this path (e.g., queue overflow, variable wireless link quality) packets may suffer unexpected delays and even drops. If we consider a multi-path implementation where each node can replicate a packet into several paths, the transmission reliability improves since each packet copy is used to forward the packet information. However, uncontrolled replication can lead to network flooding, resulting in excessive power consumption. In this article, we present On-Demand Selection (ODeSe), a novel multi-path routing algorithm, which improves our previous work, the Common Ancestor (CA) algorithms, by selecting the most suitable upward forwarders. Moreover, we use the Packet Automatic Repeat reQuest, Replication and Elimination, and Overhearing (PAREO) functions in order to improve network reliability and availability. In order to control the number of relay nodes during a transmission, ODeSe forces each node of the same relay level to select the same Preferred Parent (PP) and the same Alternative Parent (AP). Thus, we address the trade-off between the total number of traversed nodes in the network and high reliability. Using the Cooja network simulator running the Contiki OS, we compare ODeSe against single-path RPL and multi-path RPL with different alternative parent selection algorithms. The results demonstrate that ODeSe outperforms single-path RPL in terms of reliability, and multi-path RPL in terms of energy consumption while maintaining a 99.14% packet delivery ratio.

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Section: Common Ancestor (Ca) Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three different AP selection algorithms are presented in [12], with different trade-offs between the probability of selecting an AP and the level of flooding mitigation. In Figure 5, the probability of selecting an AP is shown for each of these algorithms, depending on the values of and .…”

Section: Ca Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ODeSe: On-Demand Selection for multi-path RPL networks

et al. 2021

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“…Another IoT routing protocol is RPL (Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks, [30]), which is widely used and supported by many IoT platforms and operating systems. This is reflected in the existence of many adaptations and variations for it, to enhance its performance in certain scenarios ( [31][32][33]), as well as reviews of RPL-based protocols such as the one in [34].…”

Section: The Extreme-lt Routing Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Modular IoT Hardware Platform for Distributed and Secured Extreme Edge Computing

et al. 2020

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The hardware of networked embedded sensor nodes is in continuous evolution, from those 8-bit MCUs-based platforms such as Mica, up to powerful Edge nodes that even include custom hardware devices, such as FPGAs in the Cookies platform. This evolution process comes up with issues related to the deployment of the Internet of Things, particularly in terms of performance and communication bottlenecks. Moreover, the associated integration process from the Edge up to the Cloud layer opens new security concerns that are key to assure the end-to-end trustability and interoperability. This work tackles these questions by proposing a novel embedded Edge platform based on an EFR32 SoC from Silicon Labs with Contiki-NG OS that includes an ARM Cortex M4 MCU and an IEEE 802.15.4 transceiver, used for resource-constrained low-power communication capabilities. This IoT Edge node integrates security by hardware, adding support for confidentiality, integrity and availability, making this Edge node ultra-secure for most of the common attacks in wireless sensor networks. Part of this security relies on an energy-efficient hardware accelerator that handles identity authentication, session key creation and management. Furthermore, the modular hardware platform aims at providing reliability and robustness in low-power distributed sensing application contexts on what is called the Extreme Edge, and for that purpose a lightweight multi-hop routing strategy for supporting dynamic discovery and interaction among participant devices is fully presented. This embedded algorithm has served as the baseline end-to-end communication capability to validate the IoT hardware platform through intensive experimental tests in a real deployment scenario.

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“…Selection of different parents, namely Preferred Parent and Alternative Parent, is in itself a field to be studied, and is not treated further here. An example of work in this direction can be found [23].…”

Section: Path Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Efficient Determinism in WSN through Reverse Packet Elimination

Kvist

Urke

Øvsthus

2020

Sensors

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Recently, the industrial wireless sensor network (WSN) has gained attention as a complement to wired networks due to its flexibility and lower installation cost. We present a novel Reverse Packet Elimination (RPE) algorithm implementation at the IPv6 over the TSCH mode of IEEE 802.15.4e (6TiSCH) stack that increases reliability without significantly increasing energy consumption. RPE increases the reliability while conserving energy by transmitting a cancellation packet from the sink towards the sender to reduce unnecessary packets. The evaluation utilized mainly the 6TiSCH Simulator, with additional analytical assessments. We present several evaluation scenarios and compare WSN with and without RPE. In a WSN where each link had a packet reception rate of 70%, RPE increased the reliability with 11.8%. Furthermore, the average latency decreased with 39.1%. The average energy consumption increased with 19.8% when utilizing RPE. However, the network lifetime, i.e., the time before the first node experiences battery depletion increases slightly, which is a significant improvement compared to alternative replication mechanisms.

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Alternative Parent Selection for Multi-Path RPL Networks

Cited by 15 publications

References 8 publications

ODeSe: On-Demand Selection for multi-path RPL networks

ODeSe: On-Demand Selection for multi-path RPL networks

A Modular IoT Hardware Platform for Distributed and Secured Extreme Edge Computing

Energy Efficient Determinism in WSN through Reverse Packet Elimination

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