Alternative methods for chlorination

Study of Br, Zn, Cu and Fe concentrations in healthy and cancer breast tissues by TXRF

“…Bromates (BrO 3 − ) are by-product of ozone disinfection of drinking water [11,12]. Furthermore, because of its oxidizing properties, potassium bromate (KBrO 3 ) is widely used as a part of the breadmaking process for the maturation of flour and is, therefore, a food additive.…”

Erythrocyte and spermatid micronucleus analyses in mice chronically exposed to potassium bromate in drinking water

“…Ozonation is reportedly more effective than chlorination for water disinfection and is increasingly being used in water treatment facilities [Fiessinger et al, 1985]. There is growing interest among public health professionals in the relative potential hazards associated with chlorine vs. ozone disinfection processes.…”

“…Ozonation produces lower levels of carcinogenic trihalomethane contaminants [Richardson, 1998]. However, when this process is applied to surface water with high bromide content, it can generate hypobromous acid that reacts with organic material to form brominated organic by-products and bromate (BrO 3 Ϫ ) as contaminants of drinking water [Fiessinger et al, 1985]. Experimental toxicology studies have revealed that KBrO 3 , studied because of its use in food and cosmetics as well as its water contamination, is carcinogenic in rodents; when administered in their drinking water it induces kidney, thyroid, and mesothelium tumors in rats, and kidney tumors in mice Wolf et al, 1998].…”

Removal of Chromium Cr(Vi) of Tanning Effluent with Activated Carbon from Tannery Solid Wastes

“…It can be observed that the adsorbed amount increases generally with increase of residence time of activation, and also increases with increasing temperature. According to Fiessinger et al [7,8] and Wiesner et al [9], adsorption of organic compound mainly concern mesopores and macropores, then the enhancement of residence time and temperature increases the pore diameter. It can be noticed that the amount of MB adsorbed increases significantly when the raw materials are transformed into AC.…”

“…In this work, the solid waste from the tanneries is transformed into active carbon in order to enhance its adsorbent capacity for the chromium (VI) ions removal. Activated carbon is a carbonaceous material with highly developed internal surface area and porosity; it is widely used in industries for air and water treatment, in medicine as anti-toxin and in research as a catalyst and support to catalysts [7]. The use of activated carbon to remove chromium from tanneries wastewater is an effective method for removing chromium ions from aqueous solution before disposal.…”