Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines

Abstract

Researchers have studied on alternative fuels that can be used with gasoline and diesel fuels. Alternative fuels such as hydrogen, acetylene, natural gas, ethanol and biofuels also uses in internal combustion engines. Hydrogen in the gas phase is about 14 times lighter than the air. Moreover, it is the cleanest fuel in the world. On the other hand because of its high ignition limit (4-75%), low ignition energy, needs special design to use as pure hydrogen in internal combustion engines. It is proved that hydrogen improves the combustion, emissions and performance, when is added as 20% to fuels. Natural gas is generally consisting of methane (85-96%) and it can be used in both petrol and diesel engines. Ethanol can be used as pure fuel or mixed with different fuels in internal combustion engines. In this section, the effects of natural gas, hydrogen, natural gas + hydrogen (HCNG), ethanol, ethanol + gasoline, ethanol + hydrogen, acetylene, acetylene + gasoline mixtures on engine performance and emissions have been examined.

Tests on the tractor installed experimental device for heating the mixture of bioethanol in diesel fuel

“…The heating pipe inside the temperature stimulator is divided into 3 equal volumes by 2 hole plates. The heating pipe located inside the temperature stimulator is divided into 3 equal volumes by 2 hole plates inside [11,12,13].…”

“…𝑙 0 𝑛 = 𝑐 + 𝑙 (6) in this c -the width of the gap between the side holes, mm [12]. The solution of the equation with respect to the number of holes are presented in table 1.…”

“…3.0 m.g of KON. The corrosion rate of St 20 steel is 0.091 in an 8% mixture, and in a 12-phase mixture heated to 86°С it is 0.082 mm/year [12,13,14].…”

Application of graph theory in the power system of a diesel tractor engine

“…1, поз. 5) и реализуется процесс посредством порционного дозирования и смешивания: РМ + ДТ → С, Т, t, ρ = БДТ, где С -соотношение рапсового масла и дизельного топлива; Т -продолжительность перемешивания, мин; t -температура перемешивания, °С; ρ -плотность РМ и ДТ, кг/м 3 .…”

Optimization via genetic algorithm of a variable-valve-actuation spark-ignition engine based on the integration between 1D/3D simulation codes and optimizer

“…In the case of spark ignition (SI) engines, a wide range of technical solutions are proposed and tested. [3][4][5][6] Many approaches are effective only in a limited zone of the engine map and, therefore, they are not capable to ensure a CO 2 abatement over the type-approval driving cycle. For instance, among the various techniques, the innovative valve strategies via a variable valve control device are effective to improve the engine efficiency at different loads and speeds.…”